How did they know how to translate mayan glyphs? Many of the exteriors had elaborate decorations, but it is the carved stone lintels above their doorways which have made this site famous. 2013:4; cf . Anyone entering Structure 23 would pass. Its not a terribly comfortable position. After the collapse of the Classic Period kingdoms, Maya artists at northern cities like Chichn Itz drew influence from Central Mexico and southern Central America as they adorned their temples and created spectacular offerings to their rulers and deities. In Lintel 24 and 25, Lady Xoc is seen performing blood sacrifice in one or another way. And its almost impressive to me, in that its almost as though they protest too much, because this is within a couple of decades of the collapse of Maya civilization, and it could be this frenetic cultural activity has something to do, in fact, with a kind of Band-Aid or a way of disguising what could have been fracturing tensions within this kingdom. Direct link to Kanga X (read bio)'s post I would learn its present, Posted 8 years ago. So he mustve been very concerned with being out in the forest, with being prepared for every possible contingency. HOUSTON: Thats right. A lintel may support the chimney above a fireplace, or span the distance of a path or road, forming a stone lintel bridge. They tend to celebrate the completion of important periods of times. Its about supporters of the king but its taken into an entirely different direction. So all of this tells us that this is obviously a changing group of peoples, but theyre so deeply grounded in this area. Lambs objective was essentially to do Kon-Tiki in the Chiapan Rainforest. Now, the pots were used anciently, for the consumption of food and drink. Ceremonial blades made of flint (1978.412.195) or chert served as royal scepters. Several lintels over temple doors were composed of wooden beams and contained carved scenes of royal conquest and ritual. False What technique was used to create the portrait of King Akhenaten, his wife Nefertiti, and their three daughters (4.6.6)? It is a civilization that really comes together as a literate one, with a copious tradition of carving, probably about 2500 years ago to, more or less, the beginning of the Common Era. Piedras Negras, where I excavated quite a bit in the nineties, is a good example of this, in which half the ceramics went to Philadelphia, to the University of Pennsylvania Museum; and the remainder stayed there in Guatemala City. How many Olmec colossal heads have been discovered? HOUSTON: By orphaned, I meant their setting or their background or, I guess to press a metaphor, the circumstances of their parenting are absolutely shredded by looting. Its also very helpful if you plan to travel to one of the locations. Today, its an area thats under onslaught. Bloodletting was also an act related to rebirth and rejuvenation. Accession rituals, for example, entailed the offering of dedicatory human sacrifices to mark the enthronement of a new ruling lord. It makes them tremendously exciting to study. And there were at least two in the ancient building that he explored back there in the spring of 1950. The lintel dates to about 723726 AD, placing it within the Maya Late Classic period. A glyphic inscription (oddly, written backwards) in the upper left corner of Lintel 25 notes the date of Shield Jaguar IIs ascension to the throne in October 681. Very few examples survive to the present because of the humid tropical environment. view a diagram of this relief and locate this relief on a map, Yaxchiln from the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Harvard). She kneels in front of Shield Jaguar who holds a great torch described in the text as a "burning spear illuminating a ritual that was probably held at night or set in the dark recess of a private chamber. ti-5-EB 15-ma-AK-u-ba-hi ti-CHAB-li ti-KAK-la-ju-lu u-CHAB-4-WINIKHAB-AJAW ITZ-BALAM-ma-u-cha-CHAN-nu a-NIK-ki KUHUL-[PA]CHAN-AJAW The reds we see on this are likely ferrous, and sometimes theyll glint with little inclusions. (Late Classic period, 600-900 CE). Later sculpture from the Maya area follows radically different conventions. The building itself is narrow, only one vault deep, so it was not intended to hold many people. This structure was dedicated to her by Itzamnaaj Balam II, a Mayan king popularly known as Shield Jaguar. There are chocolate recipes that are specifying, to a very great degree, what people might be quaffing in some of these festivities that we know that they celebrated. It is the earliest monumental representation of any pharaoh: the carvings on the palette depict events in the life of King Narmer, also known as Menes, considered the founding ruler of Dynastic Egypt. The most common subjects in Maya art are mortal rulers and supernatural beings. HOUSTON: Bonampak is a high-ranking city. All of these kinds of objects Im talking about, these carvings, are made by the rulers, or in a very few instances, by aristocrats of fairly high rank. Which emperor created a colossal statue of himself to be placed in a basilica in the center of (5 Eb, 15 Mak in the maya calendar). And so rippling throughout this monument and through its own time of use and its time of carving, and indeed its afterlife, are all of these complexities of disloyalty, of self-projection; and to me, as I wondered and marveled at this carving, at a highly expressive subtlety of message. [4] The earliest carved lintels were created in 723 CE. And this mustve been in the air of the time, because of the release, in 1947, of a lot of publicity about the Kon-Tiki expedition by Thor Heyerdahl. To become a master, a journeyman has to submit a master piece of work to . Theyre almost communicating the idea that the writing is bejeweled in some ways. The lintels exemplify the skilled carving of Maya artists at Yaxchilnand the Maya more generally. Does lintel 26 depict the same thing? The Narmer Palette is the name of an elaborately carved shield-shaped slab of gray schist made during the Old Kingdom of Dynastic Egypt (ca. We dont really know. Itzamnaaj Bahlam III was a central figure in directing the course of Yaxchilan. In the Lintel 23, Communication with Ancestors, Blood Sacrifices and preparing the King for Battle is seen performing by Lady Xoc in the presence of the King Jaguar. Yaxchilns ruling dynasty rose in the 4th century C.E., but its heyday followed several hundred years later (during what art historians call the Classic period), with Lord Shield Jaguar II who ruled for 60 years beginning in 681. Modeled and carved works of fired clay show the Maya virtuosity at creating realistic figurines and elaborate vessels and incense burners. And they were then combined with a clay called palygorskite, which is found in only a few locations. But because he had collected so much information, he continues to loom quite large, in a positive way, in my subject. Theyre part of the same creative explosion towards the end of the eighth century AD. CUNO: Now, you call the carved Maya stones orphaned carvings. And Ive sometimes wondered if that had to do with an attempt to heighten their claim to authenticity. Structure 33, Yaxchiln (Maya) (photo: Graham Duggan, CC BY-ND 2.0). On Lintel 25 (above), the effects of bloodletting are on display. Intricate latticework covers the symmetrical roof-comb and the buildings overall style is reminiscent of buildings found at other important Classic Maya city-states like Palenque. Lintel 26, the third in the series, is in the Museo Nacional de Antropologa, in Mexico City. Direct link to Jeff Kelman's post I just thought as I was r, Posted 7 years ago. Structure 21, commissioned by Bird Jaguar IV, housed lintels 15, 16 and 17. And he needed a lost city as a selling point. Theyre expressions of Maya being that are occupying some of these carvings. HOUSTON: Were blessed, in the Maya evidence, to have many, many named carvers and also calligraphers. The most prominent of these is the equestrian warrior, who is depicted frontally sitting regally on a diminutive horse. A kind of random set of collisions and experiences over time. The red would contrast intensively with that. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. We now know that it was a rope studded with obsidian blades used in the ritual, and may have the very physical shards depicted themselves. How do we know the names of those mentioned in the article? Incense burners depicting the sun and rain gods (1978.412.99) were deployed in intimate rituals in palaces, temples, and caves, to honor the ancestors (1999.484.1a, b; 1982.394a, b) and summon benevolent beings. [5], Lintels may also be used to reduce scattered radiation in medical applications. The blues are symbolically important because theyre linked to jade and to other sorts of precious substances, such as the Quetzal plumes that come from this adorable bird from highland Guatemala that has a tiny body, but an immensely long set of green plumes, which were also prized by the ancient Maya. And so it was largely concealed. Theyre living in palaces; there are populations that are going into the millions; we have intensive agriculture, trade, economic tribute. Other stone, however, is almost crystalline in hardness. A fearsome full-bodied portrait (66.181) shows Chac grimacing and holding a double-bladed axe as if to threaten the beholders. Its a city, its a small site, that yielded at least four carvings, of which one is a singular treasure of the Kimball Art Museum, and its on display there today. ", Posted 8 years ago. Now, what makes this lintel fascinating for us, at least in political terms, is that this monument and the other carvings that come from buildings nearby are not from the actual dynastic capital, which was called Yaxchilan, but rather they derive from a pretty small site thats on the troubled margins of that kingdom. Lady Xook (detail), Lintel 25, Structure 23, Yaxchiln (Maya) (The British Museum). Such careful attention to detail as well as the formal qualities of the line compare to other Maya sculptures, as well as vase painting and murals. [citation needed] There are numerous documented references to him on artifacts at the end of Stage V at Yaxchilan. Alfred Maudslay had the lintel cut from the ceiling of a side entrance in 1882 and shipped to Great Britain where it remains today in the British Museum of London. And that is where a lot of these lintels come from, are these small communities that were under the thumb of Yaxchilan. At this site within the ancient kingdom of Yaxchilan, Lamb found two elaborately carved lintels that are dense with historical, cultural and spiritual meaning. The first two glyphs in the text at the top of the lintel indicate the event and the date on which it took place, October24, 709 C.E. Nonetheless, there are plans afoot to try to return to this region and to explore it in more detail. In 1950, American adventurers Dana and Ginger Lamb traveled to the jungles of northern Guatemala looking for Maya ruins and a story they could turn into a movie. Almost certainly, they were found within a couple of yards of each other. The lintel has traces of Maya blue, turquoise and red pigment. Yaxchiln is located on the south bank of the Usumacinta River, in Chiapas, Mexico. Modern day lintels are made using prestressed concrete and are also referred to as beams in beam and block slabs or ribs in rib and block slabs. When used as verbs, elaborate means to . Such Maya rituals as bloodletting were only enacted on slaves. Throughout this considerable literature one encounters arguments and corrections as to which structures and doorways the various lintels, long removed from the site, originally pertained. What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and. Lady Xoc is one of the most prominent and probably politically powerful women in the Maya civilization. A lintel is the horizontal beam that spans the opening between two upright architectural elements. And he was doing so, in part, because of the prompting of this plague of looting that was going on in the sixties and seventies. Other relief sculptures, such as Lintel 45 on Structure 44, show Shield Jaguar II with war captives to commemorate his victory in battles against rival city-states. And they probably wouldve done this trip earlier, but World War II intervened. And ultimately, we want to be able to extract information about the political, the cultural, and the aesthetic circumstances of its creation. A lintel or lintol is a structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two vertical supports. He clearly needed local help to get to this place where the lintels were found. And I was being, I think, a little audacious in that statement I just made about stability, because obviously, looting does thrive in conditions of instability. CUNO: Well, lets turn now to the particular lintel stone We mentioned the name of Dana Lamb. In the case of windows, the bottom span is instead referred to as a sill, but, unlike a lintel, does not serve to bear a load to ensure the integrity of the wall. Seems like a close 'cousin' to the ritual practice of the Plains Indians. Rome? We also know something about the work of this artist because we have monuments that span a period of about ten years or so. Its a little bit sad, in that Ive actually seen correspondence from Dana and Ginger, and the letterhead has the heading of Dan and Ginger Lamb, Exploration and Motion Pictures. But there would be only one movie called Quest for the Lost City, which was released in the 1950s and went into broad distribution. HOUSTON: The stone itself is a depiction of four figures, and probably a mythological being, as well. What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady Xoc? And these figures are always looking down on you, in a way that the Maya thought of the ancestors as doing on a perennial basis. (tho' with that group it was practiced not by a 'Royalty' but the male members of the Tribe) It would be interesting to know whether it was a ritual that traveled from the Southern part of the Americas or was just an indigenous spiritual expression. Were they inscribed into the lintels or something? Each of the works is signed, indicating that the production of such works was regarded as a highly specialized skill rather than a trade. Theres little doubt, Jim, that there were many other locals who had probably seen these objects, among them the Lacandon Maya, who were the local indigenous group living in this area. And its playing out in his full body of work. Shield Jaguar II's commissions at Yaxchiln's central complex of buildings (called the Central Acropolis) include carved lintels (the beam at the top of a doorway), stairs faced with hieroglyphic writing, and stele (upright wood or stone slab monuments). And its not so much in details, but its what you might say have to do with rituals, with covenants of duty, with relations to land, and indeed, to time itself. Other royal scepters (1979.206.1132) and ritual regalia were carved out of jadeite and other greenstones. Ancient Maya Sculpture. InHeilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Direct link to Kanga X (read bio)'s post How did they know how to , Posted a year ago. Dating from between AD 769 and 783, these door beams, subsequently looted, are probably of a set with two others that are among the masterworks of Maya sculpture from the Classic period. And I even use this analogy of trying to date a boat simply by when a champagne bottle was broken on its prow at the time of launching. And he needed a lost city as a selling point.. And Ive often wondered, as have others, why didnt he eventually fess up? Maya art was born from the interaction between societies in the Yucatan Peninsula and those of the Mexican Gulf Coast, known as the Olmec civilization. In this lintel, Lady Xook (in the lower right) kneels before a vision serpent, from whose mouth emerges a figure. And that story is not an end at all, and hopefully, it will continue for some time to come. And we suspect that there was a great deal of sporting activity that took place on or off of these. Lintel 25 (below)from the central doorwayalso focuses on a bloodletting ritual carried out by Lady Xook. CUNO: This episode was produced by Zoe Goldman and Karen Fritsche, with audio production by Gideon Brower and mixing by Myke Dodge Weiskopf. And this is a process that really, really intensified in the sixties and seventies, and even beyond. The queen also wears an elaborate headdress. They have presentations about the varieties of soul that might be occupying Maya bodies. I cannot remember the source I got this from, will find it soon. They obviously, from an abundance of evidence, injected a certain life and vitality into their carving. A beautiful diamond pattern decorates Lady Xooks huipil, for instance, in Lintel 24 (below). Modern day lintels are made using . Why did the looting take place? The scene represents a bloodletting ritual performed by the king of Yaxchiln, Shield Jaguar the Great (681-742), and his wife, Lady K'ab'al Xook (Itzamnaaj Bahlen III). Much has been written on the extraordinary carved lintels of Tikal. Both king and queen are richly attired with Sun God pectorals. It was the center around which they tended to revolve. . What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the maya ruler shield jaguar and his wife lady xoc ( 4.6.6)? CUNO: What about pigmentation? So at the moment, I have documented at least about 130 named carvers. I mentioned that he was an amateur gentleman. Examples of the ornamental use of lintels are in the hypostyle halls and slab stelas in ancient Egypt and the Indian rock-cut architecture of Buddhist temples in caves. He was a sprig of the ducal tree of the Dukes of Montrose in Scotland, so he came from a very distinguished background. CUNO: Well, its a very important book, Steve, so congratulations for the book and thanks for speaking with me on this podcast. These are all of these small communities governed by nobles, some of the petty sort, some also like magnates. It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. During the Classic Period (ca. Dating from between AD 769 and 783, these door beams, subsequently looted, are probably of a set with two others that are among the masterworks of Maya sculpture from the Classic period. What was a craftsman called when they were in training? These lintels, commissioned by the rulers of the city, provide a lengthy dynastic record in both text and image. What do you think of this interpretation of war? The idea is that therere multiple selves that are occupying not only a human body, but also the many representations of it. And so in that lintel thats being lifted, we have an animated stone, which is the lintel itself. false The sculpture Chibinda Ilunga, made by the Chokwe people of Central Africa, depicts a king as a powerful hunter true Now, what we know about Lamb, Dana Lamb, is that he comes across as a blundering neophyte in this deep jungle. And in a way, theres a sort of studied inattention from the part of the figures on the lintel; theyre not looking at the viewer down below. CUNO: Were there pots found at the same site as the lintel itself? Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, The blog has moved! Are there pigments left on the stone still? 2 : to become elaborate (see elaborate entry 1) transitive verb. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, The correct answer is - a bloodletting ritual. Yaxchiln lintel 16 (commissioned by Bird Jaguar IV for Structure 21), after 752 C.E., Maya, Late Classic period, limestone, 76.2 x 75.7 cm, Mexico Trustees of the British Museum. But the pigments were cooked in such a way as to cause them to blend in a manner that could be successfully applied to the surface. Lintels 24 and 25 are on permanent display in the British Museum's Mexican Gallery. But in point of fact, thats pretty unusual. Structure 23 is therefore important not only for advertising Shield Jaguar IIs power, but also for highlighting the important role of royal women in Maya culture. how do we know that they really did worship shield jaguar, and how do we know the picture showed the queen? Lamb was notoriously reticent about where he discovered the carvings, turning his find into an archeological mystery at the heart of the new book A Maya Universe in Stone, edited by Stephen Houston and published by the Getty Research Institute. But now Dana was interested in movie rights as well. And in those smaller sites and in those isolated pockets would be lintels, of which quite a few are known from this area. What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady Xoc (4.6.5)? Is it just the appearance, that it seemed to be so much similar one to another? A common medium of Maya sculpture that is almost entirely lost to observers today is that of wood. V.R. Direct link to jay.vanderveen.personal's post The queen can be identifi, Posted 8 years ago. And that tells us that its cinnabar, which is a very different kind of material, potentially poisonous, in fact, because it was mercury. CUNO: In this episode, I speak with anthropologist Stephen Houston about his new book, A Maya Universe in Stone. It suggests that everything is with respect to the Classic period. But why focus on Lady Xook rather than Shield Jaguar II exclusively? But also, as I mentioned before, that the setting truly matterswhere the building was found, what that building might have presented architecturally, what might be the archaeological deposits nearby. Though of no great commercial importance in any part of the . The Maya civilization in the Americas was known for its sophisticated art and monumental architecture. Now, he, in this volume, decided to go look for primitive nativesthats very much in quotation marksin rawest jungle. Link to Kanga X ( read bio ) 's post how did know... 4 ] the earliest carved lintels of Tikal which quite a few are known from this area Americas known... He was a sprig of the and the buildings overall style is reminiscent of buildings found at other important Maya... Lintels were created in 723 CE carving of Maya being that are going into the millions ; we intensive... Other important Classic Maya city-states like Palenque soul that might be occupying Maya bodies II! Close 'cousin ' to the present because of the exteriors had elaborate decorations, but War. Communicating the idea that the writing is bejeweled in some ways as I was,... Over temple doors were composed of wooden beams and contained carved scenes of royal conquest and ritual different.... Jaguar and conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, the pots were used,... To jay.vanderveen.personal 's post how did they know how to, Posted 8 years ago also what event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel something the. Sometimes wondered if that had to do Kon-Tiki in the elaborately carved showing. 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But now Dana was interested in movie rights as well representations of it names of those mentioned in elaborately...