[98] Treatment for mental illness was primitive by modern standards; the King's doctors, who included Francis Willis, treated the King by forcibly restraining him until he was calm, or applying caustic poultices to draw out "evil humours". Since newspapers were printed on stamped paper, those most affected by the introduction of the duty were the most effective at producing propaganda opposing the tax. inch strand of King George III 's hair is presented on a display card inside a 7" x 7" frame, ready to hang or stand. The first decade of the reign was one of such ministerial instability that little was done to solve the basic financial difficulties of the crown, made serious by the expense of the Seven Years War. During the last years of his life (from 1811) he was intermittently mad, and his son, the future George IV, acted as regent. It was built in the London workshops of Samuel Butler at a cost of 7,562. [145] Scholars of the later twentieth century, such as Butterfield and Pares, and Macalpine and Hunter,[146] are inclined to treat George sympathetically, seeing him as a victim of circumstance and illness. King George III lived from 1738-1820. [86] During and after Pitt's ministry, George was extremely popular in Britain. _____ _____ 2. (1991) [1969]. He reigned from 1760 until his death. [115] His style became "George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith. George suffered a second major bout of insanity in 1804 and recovered, but in 1810 he slipped into his final illness. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. 9293, 267273, 302305, 317. He never invested in any of the companies that did such a thing. 349350; Carretta, p. 285; Fraser, p. 282; Hibbert, pp. The only surviving child of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, Mary took the throne after the brief reign of her half-brother, Edward VI. [73], During the summer of 1779, a combined French-Spanish naval fleet threatened to invade England and transport 31,000 French troops across the English Channel. 3637; Brooke, p. 49; Hibbert, p. 31. Though the marriage was entered into in the spirit of public duty, it lasted for more than 50 years, due to the kings need for security and his wifes strength of character. According to the historian Andrew Roberts, "George never bought or sold a slave in his life. https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/george-iii. At the end of 1783, Lord Norths coalition was forced out by William Pitt the Younger, who would be prime minister for more than 17 years. [3], George was born on 4 June 1738 at Norfolk House in St James's Square, London. Superb provenance; the hair originates from the famed collection of Margaretta Pierrepont, wife of President Ulysses S Grant's Attorney General. The gilded equestrian statue of the King in New York was pulled down. [8], Apart from chemistry and physics, his lessons included astronomy, mathematics, French, Latin, history, music, geography, commerce, agriculture and constitutional law, along with sporting and social accomplishments such as dancing, fencing and riding. Born and educated in this country, he said, I glory in the name of Britain.. To boost recruitment, the ministry proposed a measure in February 1807 whereby Roman Catholics would be allowed to serve in all ranks of the armed forces. $1988$23.99. A)_____ . The son of a prosperous planter, Washington was raised in colonial Virginia. Describe both Washington and King George III's hair? However, in 1751, the Prince died unexpectedly from a lung injury at the age of 44, and his son George became heir apparent to the throne and inherited his father's title of Duke of Edinburgh. "[56] Though both the Americans and older British historians characterised George as a tyrant, in these years he acted as a constitutional monarch supporting the initiatives of his ministers. 107109; Watson, pp. George III hoped that "the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve"[141] but, in the popular mind, George III has been both demonised and praised. He was concurrently Duke and Prince-elector of Brunswick-Lneburg ("Hanover") in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. "[123] George wrote to his friend Bishop Hurd, "We are here in daily expectation that Bonaparte will attempt his threatened invasion Should his troops effect a landing, I shall certainly put myself at the head of mine, and my other armed subjects, to repel them. The ministers agreed to drop the measure then pending, but refused to bind themselves in the future. [87] The British people admired him for his piety and for remaining faithful to his wife. [23], George, in his accession speech to Parliament, proclaimed: "Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain.". King George III's urine and indigo blue. King George III's urine and indigo blue Lancet. 281282; Hibbert, pp. By her death in 1603, read more. King George III became. The government of England at the time lacked effective executive machinery, and members of Parliament were always more ready to criticize than to cooperate with it. In Bridgerton, despite the unflappable regal exterior she shows to the public, we get a glimpse into Queen Charlotte's private life as she deals with the progressive decline of her husband King George III's mental state. It was the furthest he had ever been from Londonjust short of 100 miles (160km)but his condition worsened. To assuage American opinion most of the custom duties were withdrawn, except for the tea duty, which in George's words was "one tax to keep up the right [to levy taxes]". 122133; Hibbert, pp. [110] His humane and understanding treatment of two insane assailants, Margaret Nicholson in 1786 and John Frith in 1790, contributed to his popularity. [129] The princess's nurse reported that "the scenes of distress and crying every day were melancholy beyond description. But at his accession in 1760 in the midst of the Seven Years War (175663), between Great Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Austria, and Russia on the other, George did not know his own capacity nor the incapacity of his hero. [89] Nevertheless, he set his children a strict regimen. When William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781, he at first named it Georgium Sidus (George's Star) after the King, who later funded the construction and maintenance of Herschel's 1785 40-foot telescope, which at the time was the biggest ever built. [52], Lord North's government was chiefly concerned with discontent in America. Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people." Why do you think King George III is wearing the color gold and fur is draped all around him? [93][94][95] However, a study of samples of the King's hair published in 2005 revealed high levels of arsenic, a cause of metabolic blood disorders and thus a possible trigger for porphyria. Omissions? [69] Lord North was allied to the "King's Friends" in Parliament and believed George III had the right to exercise powers. The source of the arsenic is not known, but it could have been a component of medicines or cosmetics. Although it has since been suggested that he had bipolar disorder or the blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness remains unknown. [61], Although Prime Minister Lord North was not an ideal war leader, George III managed to give Parliament a sense of purpose to fight, and Lord North was able to keep his cabinet together. It proved that the king could appoint prime ministers on the basis of his own interpretation of the public mood without having to follow the choice of the current majority in the House of Commons. Musical Hamilton Cosplay Costume King's Robe Outfit George Washington Costume. In 1773 he passed an act taxing tea in the colonies. There was unprecedented growth in the rural population, which in turn provided much of the workforce for the concurrent Industrial Revolution. George III, in full George William Frederick, German Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, (born June 4 [May 24, Old Style], 1738, Londondied January 29, 1820, Windsor Castle, near London), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820) and elector (1760-1814) and then king (1814-20) of Hanover, during a period when Britain won an empire in the Seven Years' War but lost its American colonies and . George III died blind, deaf and mad on January 29, 1820. [60] The British captured the city in 1776 but lost Boston, and the grand strategic plan of invading from Canada and cutting off New England failed with the surrender of British Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne following the battles of Saratoga. He was a monarch of the House of Hanover whounlike his two predecessorswas born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language,[1] and never visited Hanover.[2]. It may be that the gentian in his medicine was responsible for turning his urine blue. 334343; Brooke, p. 332; Fraser, p. 282. [28] George came to be perceived as favouring Tory ministers, which led to his denunciation by the Whigs as an autocrat. [24] He inserted this phrase into the speech, written by Lord Hardwicke, to demonstrate his desire to distance himself from his German forebears, who were perceived as caring more for Hanover than for Britain. [74], In late 1779, George III advocated sending more British warships and troops, guarding the English Channel, across the Atlantic, to the West Indies. 122133; Hibbert, pp. [47], Lord Rockingham, with the support of Pitt and the King, repealed Grenville's unpopular Stamp Act. "[9] Historian Romney Sedgwick argued that these lines appear "to be the source of the only historical phrase with which he is associated". Ayling, p. 378; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 518. [70] In early 1778, Louis XVI of France (Britain's chief rival) signed a treaty of alliance with the United States and the confrontation soon escalated from "civil war" to something that has been characterized as "world war". George seemed unperturbed by the incident, so much so that he fell asleep in the interval.[112]. George III said that Britain was confronted by the "most serious crisis the nation ever knew". Pitt was allowed to resign (October 1761) over the question of war against Spain. He was the first Hanoverian monarch to be born in Britain George III was born on 4 June 1738 at Norfolk House, St James's Square in London. Georges support of Englands role in the French Revolutionary Wars of the late 1790s offered early resistance against the Napoleonic juggernaut. [81], When John Adams was appointed American minister to London in 1785, George had become resigned to the new relationship between his country and the former colonies. As it turns out, Queen Charlotte and King George . He famously married a series of six wives in his search for political alliance, marital bliss and a healthy male heir. Neither lady was ever received at court. In the 1790s, the King and his family took holidays at Weymouth, Dorset,[22] which he thus popularised as one of the first seaside resorts in England. This ideal George thought he had found personified in John Stuart, 3rd earl of Bute, who became his inspiration, his teacher, and later his chief minister. George III became king of Great Britain and Ireland in 1760 following his grandfather George IIs death. George wrote a document in the 1750s "denouncing all of the arguments for slavery, and calling them an execration and ridiculous and 'absurd',"[102] but the King and his son, the Duke of Clarence, supported the efforts of the London Society of West India Planters and Merchants to delay the abolition of the British slave trade for almost 20 years. George's long life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia. George used the opportunity to abandon the title "king of France", which English and British sovereigns had maintained since the reign of Edward III. The Americans complained of taxation without representation (and staged the Boston Tea Party), but North held firm with Georges backing. His godparents were King Frederick I of Sweden (for whom Lord Baltimore stood proxy), his uncle Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (for whom Lord Carnarvon stood proxy), and his great-aunt Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia (for whom Lady Charlotte Edwin stood proxy). The family moved to Leicester Square, where George and his younger brother Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, were educated together by private tutors. [76], As late as the siege of Charleston in 1780, Loyalists could still believe in their eventual victory, as British troops inflicted defeats on the Continental forces at the Battle of Camden and the Battle of Guilford Court House. 106111. Fortunehouse. In his view the malady had been triggered by stress over the death of his youngest and favourite daughter, Princess Amelia. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. Ayling, pp. Now more interested in his grandson, three weeks later the King created George Prince of Wales. [29] Claims that he used the income to reward supporters with bribes and gifts[30] are disputed by historians who say such claims "rest on nothing but falsehoods put out by disgruntled opposition". George III died blind, deaf and mad on January 29, 1820. His desire to annul his first read more, Englands first female monarch, Mary I (1516-1558) ruled for just five years. [107], On 7 November 1775, during the American War of Independence, John Murray, Lord Dunmore, issued a proclamation that freed slaves of Rebel masters who would enlist to put down the colonial rebellion. The planet Uranus was originally named "Georgium sidus," the Georgian Star, after King George III of England, who had funded the 40-foot telescope William Herschel used in its discovery. George was appalled by what he saw as their loose morals. The two former ministers were each dangerous as a focal point for criticism of the new government under the touchy captaincy of Bute. Brooke, p. 145; Carretta, pp. In 1765, Grenville introduced the Stamp Act, which levied a stamp duty on every document in the British colonies in North America. Charlotte accepted. Historical analysis of George III's life has gone through a "kaleidoscope of changing views" that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them. 1. From his parents and their entourage, the young George imbibed an unreasonable dislike of his grandfather, King George II, and of all his policies. Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, petitions to the Crown for intervention with Parliament, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, London Society of West India Planters and Merchants, An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, English and British sovereigns had maintained, United States Declaration of Independence, Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of Wrttemberg, Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Frederica, Baroness Alfons of Pawel-Rammingen, Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick, Prince George William of Hanover and Cumberland, Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Princess Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Celle, John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach, Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, "Famous Loyalists of the Revolutionary War Era", "King George III, bipolar disorder, porphyria and lessons for historians", "The acute mania of King George III: A computational linguistic analysis", Why Andrew Roberts Wants Us to Reconsider King George III, "Reasons for the success of the abolitionist campaign in 1807", "Black Abolitionists and the end of the transatlantic slave trade", "The Ex-Slaves Who Fought with the British", "Transatlantic slave trade and abolition", "Nelson, Trafalgar, and those who served", "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family", Online 90-minute video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006; requires Real Player, "The 'insanity' of King George III: a classic case of porphyria", "Porphyria in the Royal Houses of Stuart, Hanover, and Prussia", George III papers, including references to madhouses and insanity from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society, Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel, William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway, George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops, Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor#Title, styles and succession, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_III&oldid=1142248793, British people of the American Revolution, Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Parliament was dissolved, and the subsequent election gave the ministry a strong majority in the House of Commons. [111] James Hadfield's failed attempt to shoot the King in the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on 15 May 1800 was not political in origin but motivated by the apocalyptic delusions of Hadfield and Bannister Truelock. Quantity. [79] In early 1783, George III privately conceded "America is lost!" George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738[c] 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. Explain why this attire looks out of place in his elaborate surroundings. Updates? George was a child of strong feelings but of slow mental development. For all colonial slaves who fled their Rebel masters, Clinton forbade their recapture and resale, giving them protection by the British military. [32] He aided the Royal Academy of Arts with large grants from his private funds,[33] and may have donated more than half of his personal income to charity. The King drafted an abdication notice, which was never delivered. Britain received enormous concessions, including West Florida. gray What is King George III favorite color? Author of. View casting suggestions for King George III, and make your own suggestions for roles you think they should play in upcoming films! Children's King George III Kids Colonial Costume . Eye Color: add-Submit. [109], After George's recovery, his popularity, and that of Pitt, continued to increase at the expense of Fox and the Prince of Wales. The king experienced the best-documented attack when he was fifty. The kings first responsibility was to hold coalitions of great peers together. George was succeeded in turn by two of his sons, George IV and William IV, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to Victoria, the only legitimate child of his fourth son Prince Edward. In 1807, the transatlantic slave trade was banned from the British Empire. The subsequent Congress of Vienna led to significant territorial gains for Hanover, which was elevated from an electorate to a kingdom. Nor was George III happy in his attempt to express the agreed purposes of the country that to Bute had seemed so clear. [99], In the reconvened Parliament, Fox and Pitt wrangled over the terms of a regency during the King's incapacity. In January 1780, 7,000 British troops, under General Sir John Vaughan, were transported to the West Indies. Royal blue is the primary color of the uniforms for the Buffalo Bills and Los Angeles Rams of the NFL. Alternate titles: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, George William Frederick, Principal and Vice-Chancellor, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 196686. [25] During George III's lengthy reign, Britain was a constitutional monarchy, ruled by his ministerial government and prominent men in Parliament. But under Butes influence he imagined that his duty was to purify public life and to substitute duty to himself for personal intrigue. Watson, p. 88; this view is also shared by Brooke (see for example p. 99). The next year George appointed Lord Bute as his prime minister, the first in a quick succession of five ineffective ministers. [9] As part of his Irish policy, Pitt planned to remove certain legal disabilities that applied to Roman Catholics. 4.5 out of 5 . It is clear that, in beginning with his 18th birthday to prepare conscientiously for his future responsibilities, he tormented himself with thoughts of his inadequacy. It also had a stunning. [48] Lord Chatham fell ill in 1767, and Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, took over the government. King George III reigned from 25 October 1760 until 29th January 1820, a total of 59 years, 3 months and 2 days. An invasion of England by Napoleon seemed imminent, and a massive volunteer movement arose to defend England against the French. Thus the early years of George III produced, inadvertently, the germ of modern party politics. [72] One faction of the Dutch Republic aided the Americans whereas another aided Britain, whose allies included Loyalists and German auxiliaries. [18], The following year, at the age of 22, George succeeded to the throne when his grandfather, George II, died suddenly on 25 October 1760, two weeks before his 77th birthday. [100] In February 1789, the Regency Bill, authorising the Prince of Wales to act as regent, was introduced and passed in the House of Commons, but before the House of Lords could pass the bill, George III recovered. This approx. 453455; Brooke, pp. Title King of Great Britain and Ireland, Elector of Hanover. 1996 Jun 29;347(9018):1811-3. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91622-. . Charlotte then became Queen of the United Kingdom of Great . [67] After Saratoga, both Parliament and the British people were in favour of the war; recruitment ran at high levels and although political opponents were vocal, they remained a small minority. George realized too late that his clumsiness had destroyed one political combination and made any other difficult to assemble. The American Revolution began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The subsequent bill was unpopular in Parliament, including among George's own ministers, but passed as the Royal Marriages Act 1772. [118] On 14 March 1801, Pitt was formally replaced by the Speaker of the House of Commons, Henry Addington. "[16] Nevertheless, George and his mother, Princess Augusta, resisted attempts by the King to marry George to Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel. His illnesses may have been caused by porphyria, an inherited metabolic disorder, though a 2005 analysis of hair samples suggested arsenic poisoning (from medicines and cosmetics) as a possible cause. [97] His doctors were largely at a loss to explain his illness, and spurious stories about his condition spread, such as the claim that he shook hands with a tree in the mistaken belief that it was the King of Prussia. In truth, however, the king was not guilty of causing chaos by intrigue. [55] Up to this point, in the words of Professor Peter Thomas, George's "hopes were centred on a political solution, and he always bowed to his cabinet's opinions even when sceptical of their success. According to the Whig statesman Edmund Burke and his friends, the king could not keep a ministry because he was faithless and intrigued with friends behind the curtain. Burkes remedy was to urge that solidity should be given to a cabinet by the building up of party loyalty: the king as a binding agent was to be replaced by the organization of groups upon agreed principles. The Stamp Act (1765) passed by Grenville was repealed by Lord Rockingham in 1766. George III, King of Great Britain &c . [8] At the age of 10, George took part in a family production of Joseph Addison's play Cato and said in the new prologue: "What, tho' a boy! They became: Quarterly, I and IV England; II Scotland; III Ireland; overall an escutcheon of Hanover surmounted by an electoral bonnet. When George III died in 1820, the Regent succeeded him as King George IV. [80] Up to 70,000 Loyalists fled to Canada, the Caribbean, or England after their homes and businesses were looted and destroyed by hostile Americans. Pitt, fearing he would be removed from office if the Prince of Wales were empowered, argued that it was for Parliament to nominate a regent, and wanted to restrict the regent's authority. An American taxpayer would pay a maximum of sixpence a year, compared to an average of twenty-five shillings (50 times as much) in England. Further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. ; Watson, p. 93. He was also said to have small eyes that were hazel in color. [126] They were dismissed and replaced by William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, as the nominal Prime Minister, with actual power being held by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Spencer Perceval. The kings failure lay in his tactlessness and inexperience, and it was not his fault that no one group was strong enough to control the Commons. He developed dementia, and became completely blind and increasingly deaf. [38] In 1763, after concluding the Peace of Paris which ended the war, Lord Bute resigned, allowing the Whigs under George Grenville to return to power. Hair Color: add-Submit. George would frequently repeat himself and write sentences with over 400 words at a time, and his vocabulary became "more complex, creative and colourful", possible symptoms of bipolar disorder. [54], With the clear support of Parliament, Lord North introduced measures, which were called the Intolerable Acts by the colonists: the Port of Boston was shut down and the charter of Massachusetts was altered so that the upper house of the legislature was appointed by the Crown instead of elected by the lower house. Indirect taxes, in the form of the Townshend Acts (1767), were imposed without calculation of their probable yield and then repealed (except for that on tea) as a maneuver in home politics. With George's mother, Princess Augusta of Wales (1719-1772), he tried to conceal the king's symptoms of fatigue, depression, and forgetfulness from George's wife Queen Charlotte (1744-1818). King George III reigned for just under 60 years between 1760 to 1820. [21] His other residences were Kew Palace and Windsor Castle. [11][12], In the spring of 1756, as George approached his eighteenth birthday, the King offered him a grand establishment at St James's Palace, but George refused the offer, guided by his mother and her confidant, Lord Bute, who later served as prime minister. 272282; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 498. His method of screwing up his courage was to set himself an ideal of conduct. [84] Although the King actually favoured greater control over the company, the proposed commissioners were all political allies of Fox. [115] It was suggested that George adopt the title "Emperor of the British Isles", but he refused. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. On 30 June 1779, George III's Commanding General Henry Clinton broadened Dunmore's proclamation with his Philipsburg Proclamation. Ice hockey. [134] He died of pneumonia, at Windsor Castle at 8:38pm on 29 January 1820, six days after the death of his fourth son Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. Date of Birth - Death June 4, 1738 - January 29, 1820. Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 17991851; married 1815, (1) Married 1793, in contravention of the, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 09:29. In 1778 George lapsed into a months-long period of violent insanity. Britain restored to France lucrative slave-sugar islands in the West Indies, including Guadeloupe and Martinique. Royal blue is the official colour of the shirts of Birmingham City F.C., whose nickname in consequence is Blues. Forbade their recapture and resale, giving them protection by the incident so... 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