Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakening's basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. Abolitionists differed in their ideas about how to effectively bring about the end of slavery. After the conspiracy was quelled, white Charlestonians accused black congregations of the same offense: falsifying and misinterpreting the Bible. Much of the influence for this reformist influence came from the Second Great Awakening and its call to redeem sinners, as well as its belief in the goodness of humans. The early message also empowered African Americans, free and enslaved. \text{Income TaxesDeferred}&& 170,000\\ In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. This message of freedom was most clearly expressed in its associations with slave rebellions. \textbf{Shareholders Equity}\\ Many different kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement. These communities differed greatly in structure and motivation. In 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the believer becoming more and more like God. Antebellum Reform Americans after 1815 embraced many religios and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ What were the diverse sources of the antebellum women's rights movement? The market revolution had changed American society in many ways. Black lay-preachers, not ordained but appointed by the church or community to lead services and preach, became important speakers for and within free and enslaved communities. Prisons existed not to rehabilitate criminals for their eventual return to society but to house them until the time that they would be punished, most often by fines, public whipping, or execution, also a public spectacle. Reform Movements of the 19th Century. Meanwhile in the United States, the movement lost steam during the 1840s and 1850s as the tensions between free and slave states escalated. \text{Property Rights Acquired Under Lease}&1,500,000 &1,500,000\\ Kentucky Congressional representative Henry Clay argued for colonization because of the unconquerable prejudice against blacks in the United States. \text{Patent}& \$ 750,000 &\$ 875,000\\ \text{REVENUES}\\ Black and white abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1840s, and certainly in the 1850s. In 1836, when abolitionists began to flood Washington with petitions calling for emancipation in the nation's capital, the House of Representatives adopted the notorious "gag rule," which prohibited their consideration. Women joined and actively participated in abolitionist organizations such as the Anti-Slavery Society; they sponsored events such as the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. Finally, asylums were established for treatment and housing the mentally ill. Dorothea Lynde Dix was instrumental in the reform effort that established state mental asylums. Evangelical churches became tightlyknit communities that sought to transform society first as a force that determined and enforced values, morality, and conduct, and second, by outreach through moral reform societies that concentrated on reforming personal vices such as drinking, sexual misconduct, and gambling. The similarities and differences between the common school and institution like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers are the similarities were the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens and shared with communitarians and religious believers. The Americans made up a tiny minority of the population but dominated Liberian politics until the 1980s. For the most part, it appealed to the elite of society. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ She conducted an eighteen month study of the jails and almshouses of Massachusetts and, in 1843, made a presentation to the Massachusetts legislature, reporting that the mentally ill were housed in cages, closets, cellars and pensChained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience. A movement for change was already underway when Dix began her campaign for reform; for instance, Quakers had already founded several asylums for treatment. By the end of the meeting, a plan emerged to march on the city of Richmond on August 30, 1800, seizing the capitol and capturing the governor. A Pew Research Center survey asked respondents if they would rather live in a place with a slower pace of life or a place with a faster pace of life. Merchants with commercial ties to the South. The antebellum period (or era before the Civil War) was a time of social and moral reform. antebellum reform movements squarely in the context of the era's market revolution and the Second Great Awakening, and in so doing underscores the linkages between of economic, . In the South, the movement became more conservative over time, and generally supported the system of slavery. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. \text{Cost of Goods Sold}&&\$ 5,000,000\\ 0.080.080.08 Many prominent African American abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass were members of the Society. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. Before the nineteenth century, crime, poverty, and mental illness in America were handled through family and voluntary efforts. Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. They believed that social deviants, including criminals and debtors, could be reformed and morally redeemed. Meanwhile, many doctors were citing large amounts of alcohol as injurious to an individuals health. REVENUESSalesGainonSaleofMachineryandEquipmentEquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporationRosenwaldCompanyHutchinsonCompanyTotalRevenuesEXPENSESCostofGoodsSoldEmployeePayrollExpenseDepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRightsBadDebtExpenseInterestExpenseGeneralCorporateExpensesIncomeTaxesCurrentIncomeTaxesDeferredTotalExpensesNetIncomeLess:DividendsonPreferredSharesDividendsonCommonSharesIncreaseinRetainedEarningsRetainedEarnings,December31,2012RetainedEarnings,December31,2013BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$1,800,000125,00075,000$13,920,000200,0002,000,000$16,120,000$5,000,0003,000,0001,000,000AmortizationofPatent120,000455,000420,0001,430,000170,000$11,720,000$4,400,000(120,000)(2,080,000)$2,200,0002,800,000$5,000,000$2.68$2.20125,000, Chicago Corporation Preachers and believers all over the country saw humankind and society as good and perfectible, able to improve and strive to become more like God. The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s proved to be popular among black abolitionists. Do not delete this text first. \quad\text{Total Property, Plant, and Equipment}& \$10,000,000 &\$ 9,400,000\\ 30.4130.4130.41 December 31 Calvinism, which taught that only an elect few Christians would be saved, lost much of its appeal; Americans instead turned to a relatively new kind of Christianity, evangelicalism. You should study the financial statements before responding to these questions and problems. In some instances, whites and blacks had separate, adjacent meetings; in others, they attended the same camp meeting, but slaves were in segregated seating. "In the history of the world," Ralph Waldo Emerson declared in 1841, "the doctrine of Reform had never such scope as at the present hour." Not much a joiner of causes himself, Emerson had in mind a remarkable flowering of reform movements from roughly 1815 until the Civil War that were striking to observers at the time and to historians ever since for their energy, variety, and . Many mentally ill individuals eventually ended up imprisoned as well, as no facilities for the treatment of the mentally ill existed. \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ The African Methodist Episcopal Church where Vesey preached was destroyed. - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. Indeed, many slave owners feared the message of spiritual equality, so they kept the evangelists out. In 1834, middle-class women in New York City organized the Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin and to protect the morality of single women. c. 1,341.001,341.001,341.00 The reform impulse was not solely confined to the United States; Europeans were also in the midst of their own reform efforts. However, abolitionism developed significantly over the 1800s. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. In the early decades of the century, several groups emerged as colonizationists. These groups sought to remove blacks from the United States either through emigration or through the creation of colonies in Africa. The bonds between British and American reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the nineteenth century. For some women, church membership and the new Christian message offered more personal power and greater personal freedom, as becoming active in the church was considered to be acceptable feminine conduct. They were subsequently executed. \text{Bonds Payable}& \$ 3,648,000 &\$ 3,600,000\\ For some, the issue initially boiled down to access to the slave population and the ability to bring the message to a wider audience. 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The Second Great Awakening and the movement in religious revival in the United States had a profound impact on the United States. \text{Gain on Sale of Machinery and Equipment}&& 200,000\\ Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. Many types of reform movements existed during this period in the United States, and groups and causes only grew more splintered over time. The struggle to end slavery has a long history both globally and in the United States; indeed, the struggle to end slavery emerged at roughly the same time as slavery itself. Like the other evangelical movements of the Second Great Awakening, they stressed adult baptism as an important step to salvation. The colonizationist wanted antislavery but the want to segregation between white and blacks. Americans consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, including gin, whiskey, rum, and brandy. The Second Great Awakening manifested itself somewhat differently regionally. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ The movements shared a common support base, and many abolitionists advocated, or were active in, the womens rights movement, or vice versa. Smith described Moroni as a son of the prophet Mormon and the last of the Nephites, descendants of Hebrews who had travelled to the Americas sometime around 500 BCE. One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. The daughters of a prominent slave owner, they spoke of their personal knowledge and experience of the system. - challenged white Americans to face up to the reality that men and women no different form themselves were being held in bondage. The account spoke at length of Turners religiously informed views of slavery and of his interpretations of the Bible. Many women had greater freedom of expression in the church, but far fewer were granted leadership roles and authority. However, the modern-day Seventh Day Adventist Church later grew out of the Millerite movement. This is especially true of the Baptist church; independent black congregations were founded all over the South. Also, become productive, self-disciplined citizens. Significantly, Gabriel forbade the conspirators to kill Methodists and Quakers, groups that were actively seeking manumission for slaves in the area at this time. Mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings in northern cities. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. Additional information is as follows: There, the convention refused to seat the American female delegates. One of the most widespread of the reform movements in the 1820s-1840s was the temperance movement, which called for reducing the use of (or abstaining from) alcoholic beverages. - people brought ideas from different countries, across the Atlantic, Give Me Liberty Ch. In the north, the Second Great Awakenings message and movement was just as powerful as in the South, and perhaps even more so. \text{Cash}& \$ 100,000 &\$ 200,000\\ - moral suasion through speeches and literature. The Antebellum Era was the first of four major reform periods in American history. \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ In many cases, within the Garrisonian movement in particular, the role of the black speaker or the black writer or the black abolitionist was, in some ways, prescribed, as the famous case of Frederick Douglass' relationship with the Garrisionians. Evangelical Christianity was certainly the most powerful religious movement in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one. The sisters spoke before state legislations and were among the first women to speak in public forums before mixed sex groups. "Neither a Slave nor a King" intervenes in the scholarly debate over the "antislavery origins" of the sectional crisis in antebellum America - how the rise of a northern antislavery movement escalated the sectional tensions that led to southern secession and the Civil War. He ended his appeal by writing, I will not equivocate- I will not excuse- I will not retreat a single inch- and I will be heard. Along with an immediate end to slavery, Garrison also espoused racial equality as an absolute necessity to ending the institution without massive bloodshed. In western New York, revival movements inspired many new religious sects as well as social reform. \quad\text{Hutchinson Company}& 75,000 &2,000,000\\ The abolitionist sentiment was also present in the South. By helping others, they asserted their worth while at the same time alleviating social ills. Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. Mainly, it had drastically weakened the ties that bound . In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. Through these moral reform societies, churches hoped to change society by putting individuals on the path to righteousness. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakenings basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. By 1850, about 3.2 million slaves labored in the United States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the cotton fields. Gender Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. 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There she found the inmates, some of them mentally ill (whom Dix refers to as lunatics), housed in filthy conditions in unheated cells. In particular, women played a large role in various aspects of reform. Many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to hire free black laborers. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. The wealthy engaged private tutors and academies. \text{Increase in Retained Earnings}&& \$ 2,200,000\\ Turner himself evaded capture for months. The most significant success was that by 1860, more than a dozen states had granted women greater control over the wages they earned, and some even allowed women to sue husbands and fathers who tried to deprive them of their wages. What were the differences between the common school and the institutions like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers? (Problem 10), ASSETSCurrentAssetsCash$100,000$200,000CertificateofDeposit225,000AccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectiblesof$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013)600,000500,000MerchandiseInventory1,800,0001,500,000Prepayments200,000200,000TotalCurrentAssets$2,925,000$2,400,000InvestmentsChicagoFinanceCorporation(40%Owned)$4,000,000$2,200,000RosenwaldCompany(50%Owned)1,025,000900,000HutchinsonCompany(25%Owned)175,000100,000TotalInvestments$5,200,000$3,200,000Property,Plant,andEquipmentLand$500,000$400,000Building4,000,0004,000,000MachineryandEquipment8,000,0007,300,000PropertyRightsAcquiredUnderLease1,500,0001,500,000Total$14,000,000$13,200,000LessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortization(4,000,000)(3,800,000)TotalProperty,Plant,andEquipment$10,000,000$9,400,000Intangibles(atNetCarryingValue)Patent$750,000$875,000Goodwill1,125,0001,125,000TotalIntangibles$1,875,000$2,000,000TotalAssets$20,000,000$17,000,000LIABILITIESANDSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayable$550,000$400,000AdvancesfromCustomers640,000660,000SalariesPayable300,000240,000IncomeTaxesPayable430,000300,000RentReceivedinAdvance50,000OtherCurrentLiabilities460,000200,000TotalCurrentLiabilities$2,430,000$1,800,000Long-TermDebtBondsPayable$3,648,000$3,600,000EquipmentMortgageIndebtedness332,0001,300,000CapitalizedLeaseObligation1,020,0001,100,000TotalLong-TermDebt$5,000,000$6,000,000DeferredTaxLiability$1,570,000$1,400,000ShareholdersEquityConvertiblePreferredStock$2,000,000$2,000,000CommonStock2,000,0002,000,000AdditionalPaid-InCapital3,000,0002,400,000RetainedEarnings5,000,0002,800,000Total$12,000,000$9,200,000LessCostofTreasuryShares(1,000,000)(1,400,000)TotalShareholdersEquity$11,000,000$7,800,000TotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity$20,000,000$17,000,000\begin{array}{lrr} Antebellum Reforms: A Women's Rights Movement. In 1821, the ACS helped to establish the colony of Liberia on the west coast of Africa and assisted some 13,000 slaves and free blacks to emigrate to the colony. The convention ended with the issue of the Declaration of Sentiments, a document that largely paralleled the Declaration of Independence, and leveled a series of charges against the patriarchy of the United States that had been the source of the oppression of women. In the 1800's a woman 'Belonged' to a man on marriage. For most, this meant a few months of schooling a year in a one-room rural schoolhouse. Over the course of the nineteenth century, many towns and counties became dry. Perhaps the greatest legislative victory for the temperance movement during the era of reform was Maines shortlived total ban on alcohol from 1851-1856. \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ The Anti-Slavery Society was home to white and black abolitionists. These movements were generally more active in the Northern states. Give Me Liberty! ) \textbf{Intangibles (at Net Carrying Value)}\\ Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. \text{Less Cost of Treasury Shares}& (1,000,000) &(1,400,000)\\ Moreover, black congregations could not hold religious meetings without a licensed white minister present, presumably to assure that the right messages on slavery and freedom were the only ones presented from the pulpit. Baptists and Methodists preached that all could achieve salvation and that all people were equal before God. - many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed. Debtors were punished by imprisonment. The Garrisionians wanted Douglass to simply get up and tell his story, to tell his narrative on the platform. She assisted in the research for his 1839 indictment of slavery, American Slavery as it is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. What were the major tactics of antebellum reform? Consider the following sample data. The movements shared a common support base: many abolitionists supported or were active in the womens rights movement, or vice versa. Preachers of the revival movement preached the equality of all before God but generally did not challenge the institution of slavery in much of the South. A decade later, Nat Turner used the message of the Second Great Awakening to help incite one of the largest slave rebellions in United States history. Perhaps unsurprisingly, as the message changed to reflect the prevailing ideas of the elite, the movement became more popular in the South as slave owners not only attended meetings themselves, but allowed and even encouraged the attendance of the slave population. Douglass was a skilled orator and a prolific writer. Consolidated Balance Sheets For many slaves, the message was a promise of freedom, either in this world or in the afterlife. Young female teachers staffed many of the schools. The Second Great Awakening began in the 1790s and, by the 1820s, had emerged as a major religious movement. \text{Amortization of Patent} &&125,000\\ Antebellum Reform Imagination A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Kent Nelson 2006. The creation of asylums, for criminals and for the mentally ill, was society's reaction to the overcrowded and inhumane state that . The ____________ refers to an area of New York that was so affected by the Second Great Awakening that there was no more fuel to burn for the fire of religion. The Society grew quickly and soon had spread across the country. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. Garrison was militant in his call for immediate and complete emancipation as a moral imperative. \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ \text{Prepayments}& 200,000 &200,000\\ White abolitionists warned him that people would cease to believe that he had ever been enslaved if he sounded too educated and advised him to leave the complex analysis to the whites. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two of the excluded delegates, united to form an organization that would speak for oppressed women. There are two main strands of literature on the antislavery origins of the sectional crisis. 2. Simplify!"; and the minister Theodore Parker's close association with the radical abolitionist John Brown. The market revolution had changed American society in many ways } \\ the society! 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