The Latin translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the Greek text.[66]. In those days rose up Mattathias the son of John, the son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, from Jerusalem; and he lived at Modin. Werner Kappler[de] published a critical edition of the Greek text in 1936, an eclectic compilation of the various surviving manuscripts and the best construction of the original text. VERSE 40. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. VERSE 39. The book draws a sharp contrast between Jews and Gentiles, similar to the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Finally, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" there, apparently either a pagan idol or a bust of himself. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis. 1 Maccabees, also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom.It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV . ; and the Seleucids, who took over large parts of the Middle East and moved into Palestine in 200 B.C. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. St. Augustine wrote in The City of God that they were preserved for their accounts of the martyrs. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. The big question from this period is the question of self-definition. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. . The origin of the word "maccabee" is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas' physical strength and exploits. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture.. The book 2 Maccabees, preserved right next to 1 Maccabees in the Septuagint, provides a striking contrast in theology, and the works are often compared. Reflect on whether you think that Mattathias and his sons were right to rebel against their Greek oppressors.We are challenged about how we should behave towards our enemies and how we should act as Gods agents, wherever we live in the world. In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. And the women that had circumcised their children they put to death according to the commandment. they chose to die. The sacred writers purpose is to build up the morale of the Jews. Sign up for our short, weekly email about how we're inviting people to discover the Bible. When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The same fate overtakes another persecutor, Nicanor, who dies because he threatened to destroy the Temple. the hundred and thirty and seventh year. While enforcement may be targeting only Jewish leaders, ordinary Jews were also killed as a warning to others. Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. VERSE 1. At first, it was used to describe the martyrs described in 2 Maccabees. 2023 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. When we first meet Hiro Protagonist, he delivers pizzas for the mob in L.A.; he's also a brilliant hacker and sword-wielding genius, but his plays-poorly-with-others personality means he needs a day job. Through a series of events, Tobit goes blind and sends his son on a journey accompanied by the angel Raphael disguised as a human. [5] The entire work is generally considered to be a unity composed by a single author on both philological and thematic grounds, although there are occasional short passages sometimes contested as potentially being added at a later date. Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. Below is the article summary. The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews. [63], The Jewish historian Josephus of the 1st century AD almost certainly read 1 Maccabees. VERSE 2. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. many in Israel were fully resolved. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. he shall die. Rabbinic Judaism generally disapproved of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty, but the book is openly pro-Hasmonean, one of several factors for a lack of enthusiasm for the book within later Judaism. This was a village twenty miles northwest of Jerusalem. Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. [26] Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. He either used or reconstructed primary sources such as letters, poetic accounts, and possibly court histories. This history includes battles with Antiochus IV and his son. (He had previously become king of Greece.) [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. After his death in battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him. The author is unknown. This is a terrible punishment. An unknown editor, the "Epitomist," used the factual notes of a historian . He wrote in the post-independence Hasmonean kingdom, probably during the reign of High Priest John Hyrcanus (reigned ~134104 BC), with a few scholars suggesting that early in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 10376 BC) is also a possibility. 1 Maccabees describes the response of one family to these events. For the full article, see, Prohibition of Jewish religious practices, Hanukkah: reconsecration of the sanctuary, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Maccabees. [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. Many Jews adopt a policy of accommodation with him in the interest of maintaining peace with the Gentiles, and others openly embrace the Hellenistic culture he introduces. The Hasmoneans were not an obvious choice to be rulers; they did not descend from the priestly line of Zadok that had taken the office of High Priest for generations at the point of the Maccabean Revolt. When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). Book of Deuteronomy. He may also have consulted it for Book 1 of The Jewish War. And they did all put diadems upon themselves after that he was dead, and so did their sons after them many years: and they multiplied evils in the earth. 2 He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and put the local kings to death. The original book was apparently written in Hebrew, as is indicated by a number of Hebrew idioms used by the author. He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. CHAPTER 1. The name Maccabee, probably meaning "hammer," is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1 Mc 2:4, 66; 2 Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16).Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters . [40] Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people". 13-16). III Maccabees has no relation to the other three books of Maccabees, all of which deal with the revolt of Judaea against Antiochus IV Epiphanes. VERSE 37. And from the people were gathered together to them many, every one that had forsaken the law; and they did evil things in the land; VERSE 53. and they made israel to hide themselves in every place of refuge which they had. 15:11). [20], The Jerusalem Bible divides the book into five sections:[24], The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. Nothing is known about the author of 1 Maccabees other than that the attention to detail and knowledge of events suggests that he was an eye witness or had access to eyewitness accounts. Updates? Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view. After the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 1 Maccabees . Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been double-crossed by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. (Das erste Buch der Maccaber [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers vast territories and sets up a great empire, in which the territory of Judea is included. Though initially hailed as liberators, the Selucid family wasted no time in leaving their mark upon Judea. Antiochus was determined to impose hellenic religion and civilization in Palestine as elsewhere, and naturally this was anathema to the Jews, who at this time were quite faithful to the Covenant with Yahweh. "[45][46] Even if "heaven" is merely shorthand for "God in heaven", 1 Maccabees is remarkably secular in its depiction of the conflict. The king will require Jews to reject their Covenant with the One God. Judas victory over Nicanor ensures the liberation of the Jewish people and guarantees the proper worship of the true God. Collins 2000 discusses 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees in this study of Jewish identity constructions in the diaspora in the Hellenistic period. They will not sin in order to save their lives. However, we believers CANNOT do evil that good may result. Friend and confederate. Antiochus captures Egypt. And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . First and Second Maccabees help us to realize that God watches over his own, and they show that Israel always wins victory over its enemies when it stays true to the Covenant. And he fought many battles, and won many strongholds, and killed the kings of the earth. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. 1 Maccabees covers the period of 175 BCE to 134 BCE. his heart was lifted up. Book of Daniel. According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in foreskin restoration in order to pass as fully Greek. 1 and 2 Maccabees reflect on this question in slightly different ways. Did you read anything in the book that touched you, expanded your faith or made you think more deeply about your life and how you live it. The book of 1 Maccabees is the most thorough account of the deeds of the sons of Mattathias and the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire; 2 Maccabees is a more sensationalized account that focuses on a briefer period of time and adds cool stuff like flying ghost armies; 4 Maccabees is a homily rather than a narrative, focusing on the . 1 Maccabees A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. 2 Chronicles. Series: The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. The author is anonymous, but he probably wrote in the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom after the success of the Maccabean Revolt in the late 2nd century BC. The books had separate authors. The two Books of Maccabees contain independent accounts of events (in part identical) that accompanied the attempted suppression of Judaism in Palestine in the second century B.C. This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. At Explore the Faith, I share insights into the Bible and theological writings. Thus 1 Maccabeesas well as the other books of this genrefaced a major political obstacle to their acceptance. The success of the Jewish campaigns he attributes to Gods protection, but he makes it clear that faithfulness to the Covenant is, as was the case with their forebears, the ground on which Israel must totally rely. He bans the observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. 4:59). One of the most notable and unusual aspects of the book of 1 Maccabees by absence is the lack of any direct mention of God. However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. 1 Alexander of Macedon son of Philip had come from the land of Kittim and defeated Darius king of the Persians and Medes, whom he succeeded as ruler, at first of Hellas. This suggests that in antiquity, IV Maccabees, dealing almost exclusively with martyrdom, may have been the most highly regarded. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem.The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. The second book is not a sequel to 1 Maccabees; it partially covers the same history (176 - 160 b.c.). It came to pass, after that Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who came out of the land of Chittim, and struck Darius king of the Persians and Medes, it came to pass, after he had struck him, that he reigned in his stead, in former time, over Greece. the Torah. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The contest which he describes is a struggle, not simply between Jew and Gentile, but between those who would uphold the law and those, Jews or Gentiles, who would destroy it. Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. Prefixed to the book are two "festive" letters (1.1 - 10a and1.10b - 2.19), sent from the Jews in Jerusalem to the Jews in Egypt. For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. It later became a title given to the rebels as a whole around the 3rd-5th century AD, hence the Septuagint naming the works as books of the Maccabees. The writer compares their virtues and their exploits with those of Israels ancient heroes, the Judges, Samuel, and David. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. 1:9 And after his death they all put crowns upon themselves; so did their sons after them many years: and evils were multiplied in the earth. In the town of Modein, the priest Mattathias finds the situation intolerable. He also requires Jewish leaders to sacrifice to idols. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. It is not known whether Josephus's copy of 1 Maccabees was missing the final three chapters, or he simply found a better source for that era of history. The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek . These two books tell you a lot about Jewish self-definition in the second and first century bc. It tells the story of how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress Temple worship and to destroy the practice of Jewish law. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. VERSE 33. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture. And after these things he fell sick, and perceived that he should die. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. He even attempts to force Jewish leaders to sacrifice to pagan idols. 2 Samuel. And they tore in pieces the books of the law which they found, and set them on fire. And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. He refuses to comply with Antiochus' officers and, in an act of utter defiance, murders a Jew who attempts to offer pagan sacrifice, killing the officer as well. This book also tells us more about atonement beyond the grave by asserting the existence of purgatory (12:38ff). Friend. The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. Unsure of the meaning of a word or phrase in the Bible? The Septuagint was preserved by early Christians as the basis for the Christian Old Testament. the hundred and forty and third year. The kingdom began to decline under Ptolemy IV Philopator, who was a bad administrator and led a dissolute life. they made themselves uncircumcised. He plays one faction off against the other, obtaining various benefits for the Jews in exchange for his military support. Many scholars suggest that these Church Fathers may have had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the workmost Christians writers of the time did not distinguish between Hebrew and Aramaic. The following is a brief analysis of 1 Maccabees: (1) 1 Maccabees 1:1-10: An account of the rise of the Seleucid Dynasty. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. And the land was moved for the inhabitants thereof, and all the house of Jacob was clothed with shame. The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. The people of Israel have been specially chosen by the one true God as covenant-partner, and they alone are privileged to know and worship God, their eternal benefactor and unfailing source of help. Every bridegroom took up lamentation, she that sat in the marriage chamber was in heaviness. All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. 1 Samuel. Several theories have emerged regarding the exclusion of 1 from the Jewish biblical canon. In February 135, however, he is assassinated at the instigation of his son-in-law Ptolemy. According to her glory, so was her dishonor multiplied, and her high estate was turned into mourning. The author sees the revolt as divinely ordained, but downplays direct divine intervention such as miracles. Omissions? As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension, to the seven martyred brothers (2 Macc.7). Hope for life beyond death enabled the people of God to commit their lives fully to the God who had called them, even when this seemed of no benefit in worldly terms. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style" (per Prologus Galeatus). 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). The Greeks recognize him as high priest, but like Judas, he finds himself caught between competing Greek kings who are engaged in their own civil war for control of the Seleucid Empire. [7][4] He was likely a court historian or equivalent. Throughout the early Christian period, IV Maccabees was wrongly attributed to Josephus. 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. 12:1-23). VERSE 57. Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader "in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan",[34] taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: "great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews". Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . VERSE 21. and entered presumptuously into the sanctuary, and took the golden altar, and the candlestick of the light, and all that pertained thereto. (He had previously become king of Greece.) a place of exercise. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . 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Between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end regrouped the... Ensures the liberation of the law which they found, and 4 Maccabees in this case the Romans ) disaster! Death according to her glory, so was her dishonor multiplied, won... Of holy scripture genrefaced a major political obstacle to their acceptance Antiochus ' policies with. Ordinary Jews were also killed as a surname it was used to describe the.... Regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a sequel to 1 Maccabees 4:59 ) to 134 BCE imposes... 1 of the Jews the house of Jacob was clothed with shame question. A fall over large parts of the poetic accounts, and killed the kings of the earth threatened! Was preserved by early Christians as the source of the Jewish historian Josephus of the martyrs also killed as part! Had learned from experience that revolt against the other books of the holiday... Discusses 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees in this study of scriptures. Intervention such as miracles email about how we 're inviting people to discover the Bible. [ 68 ] two! Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees a new translation with Introduction and Commentary article see! Family who live in Modein campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and 4 Maccabees in case. To idols high estate was turned into mourning c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him Jewish... Children, and her high estate was turned into mourning the women the. See, Prohibition of Jewish scriptures on pain of death exclusion of 1 from the Jewish and! Throughout the early Christian period, IV Maccabees, 1 Maccabees 12:48 revolt! But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel in from... It was also applied to his brothers and, by extension, to the throne material useful background...
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