Washington also infiltrated men into New York City in an attempt to capture Arnold. Washington was one of the few who genuinely liked and admired him, but Arnold thought that Washington had betrayed him. He grew resentful of several rival and younger generals who had been promoted ahead of him and given honors which he thought he deserved. He did, however, investigate its extent, and suggested that he was willing to exchange Andr for Arnold during negotiations with Clinton concerning Andr's fate. Andr then drafted instructions to Stansbury and Arnold. Arnold purchased large tracts of land in the Maugerville area, and acquired city lots in Saint John and Fredericton. [49][citation not found], Arnold spent several months recovering from his injuries. While there, he disentangled himself from a lawsuit over an unpaid debt that Peggy had been fighting while he was away, paying 900[b] to settle a 12,000[b] loan that he had taken while living in Philadelphia. Washington Irving used it as part of an argument against dismemberment of the union in his 1857 Life of George Washington, pointing out that the unity of New England and the southern states which led to independence was made possible in part by holding West Point. Andr had spies and informers keeping track of Arnold to verify his movements. Arnold's role in the war was controversial, with some supporting his actions and others supporting the Patriots. [121], In July 1792, Arnold fought a bloodless duel with the Earl of Lauderdale after the Earl impugned his honor in the House of Lords. Angry and frustrated, Arnold resigned his military command of Philadelphia in late April. Benedict Arnold's name is synonymous with the word traitor. Arnold's Family Life Was Messy By The Time He Was 20. He was on his way home from Ticonderoga when he learned that his wife had died earlier in June. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. These charges were then referred to Congress, and Arnold asked for an immediate court-martial to clear himself. Washington refused his offer to resign, and wrote to members of Congress in an attempt to correct this, noting that "two or three other very good officers" might be lost if they persisted in making politically motivated promotions. [31], Arnold was in the West Indies when the Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770. She was the conduit for information to the British. With Benedict Arnold, he led the Green Mountain Boys to capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775. [85], On August 3, 1780, Arnold obtained command of West Point. Arnold was aware of his reputation in his home country, and French statesman Talleyrand described meeting him in Falmouth, Cornwall in 1794: The innkeeper at whose place I had my meals informed me that one of his lodgers was an American general. While en route to West Point, Arnold renewed an acquaintance with Joshua Hett Smith, who had spied for both sides and who owned a house near the western bank of the Hudson about 15 miles south of West Point. Though the location was used for training cadets in engineering starting in 1794, it officially became the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802. [48] However, he interpreted the manner in which they did so as an act of sympathy for his wounds, and not an apology or recognition that they were righting a wrong. [36] However, an acrimonious dispute with Moses Hazen, commander of the 2nd Canadian Regiment, boiled into Hazen's court martial at Ticonderoga during the summer of 1776. The sacrifice of Andr made Arnold odious to loyalists, and his reputation was further tarnished among his former neighbours when he led a raid on New London, Connecticut, in September 1781. [149] The faculty club at the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton has a Benedict Arnold Room in which letters written by Arnold hang on the walls. Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticutthe fifth person in his family to be named Benedict Arnold. He was again severely wounded in the left leg late in the fighting. Clinton was concerned that Washington's army and the French fleet would join in Rhode Island, and he again fixed on West Point as a strategic point to capture. He returned to the army at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, in May 1778 to the applause of men who had served under him at Saratoga. In the United States, the name of Benedict Arnold is synonymous with treason. Historians have several theories about why Arnold became a traitor: greed; mounting debt; resentment of other officers; a hatred of the Continental Congress; and a desire for the colonies to remain under British rule. By. He was the second of the couple's six children. When Arnold learned the following morning that Andr had been caught and that . [58] She married Arnold on April 8, 1779. 1.Saint Benedict was a teenager when he became a monk. To raise money, he violated several state and military regulations, arousing the suspicions and, finally, the denunciations of Pennsylvanias supreme executive council. He died after four days of delirium on June 14, 1801, at the age of 60. One plaque bears only a rank and a date but no name: "major general born 1740". Arnold had three sons with Margaret Mansfield:[150][151]. Word of the siege's disastrous outcome led the company to turn around, and Arnold served for only 13 days. Arnold was born in Connecticut. For his services he was restored to his proper relative rank. The house where Arnold lived at 62 Gloucester Place in central London bears a plaque describing him as an "American Patriot". Letters were to be passed through the women's circle that Peggy Arnold was a part of, but only Peggy would be aware that some letters contained instructions that were to be passed on to Andr, written in both code and invisible ink, using Stansbury as the courier. From psychological wounds received in his Connecticut childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the family's fortunes? "[65] A few days later, Arnold wrote to Greene and lamented over the "deplorable" and "horrid" situation of the country at that particular moment, citing the depreciating currency, disaffection of the army, and internal fighting in Congress, while predicting "impending ruin" if things did not change soon. However, the deaths of his siblings two years later may have contributed to a decline in the family fortunes, since his father took up drinking. His mother came from a wealthy family, but his alcoholic father squandered their estate. In 1763, he repaid money that he had borrowed from the Lathrops,[17] repurchased the family homestead that his father had sold when deeply in debt, and re-sold it a year later for a substantial profit. He organized the militia response, along with David Wooster and Connecticut militia General Gold Selleck Silliman. Major Benjamin Tallmadge was a member of the Continental Army's Culper Ring, a network of spies established under Washington's orders,[97] and he insisted that Jameson order the prisoner to be intercepted and brought back. The Arnold residence attained the reputation as one of early Amsterdam's finer homes. [138] The boy is not identified until the end of the story, when his place of birth is given as Norwich, Connecticut, and his name is given as Benedict Arnold. July 27] 1742 - June 19, 1786) was an American military officer and planter who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.He emerged from the war with a reputation as one of George Washington's most talented and dependable officers, and is known for his successful command in the Southern theater of the conflict. One thing that we can set aside is any notion that the dish was named after Benedict Arnold, the Revolutionary War general who became the most famous American traitor in history after he defected to the British army and became a general for the other side, leading troops against those he once commanded. These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. He also peppered Washington with complaints about the lack of supplies, writing, "Everything is wanting. This monument was erected under the patronage of the State of Connecticut in the 55th year of the Independence of the U.S.A. in memory of the brave patriots massacred at Fort Griswold near this spot on the 6th of Sept. But You Probably Don't Know His Whole Story Illustration showing Major General Benedict Arnold (1741 - 1801) rallying the American troops. 3 January 1740][1][a] June 14, 1801) was an American-born military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. [84], Arnold next wrote a series of letters to Clinton, even before he might have expected a response to the July 7 letter. Needed repairs were never ordered on the chain across the Hudson. [21] However, it is unknown whether this encounter actually happened or not. Arnold reopened the secret channels with the British, informing them of Schuyler's proposals and including Schuyler's assessment of conditions at West Point. On the morning of September 22, from their position at Teller's Point, two American rebels, John "Jack" Peterson and Moses Sherwood, under the command of Col. James Livingston fired on HMS Vulture, the ship that was intended to carry Andr back to New York. Arnold established himself in business in 1762 as a pharmacist and bookseller in New Haven, Connecticut, with the help of the Lathrops. [113], Arnold then applied to accompany General Carleton, who was going to New York to replace Clinton as commander-in-chief, but the request went nowhere. [16] He was hardworking and successful, and was able to rapidly expand his business. He was also convicted of two minor charges of using his authority to make a profit. [140], Canadian historians have treated Arnold as a relatively minor figure. However, Arnold was a prominent figure in the American Revolution and, for a time, was a distinguished war hero who simply became . (Benedict Cumberbatch doesn't count; he's British.) Answer (1 of 2): In the United States, Benedict Arnold has the dubious distinction of being one of the primary figures responsible for the Revolutionary War's losing cause. Why did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? In 1764, he formed a partnership with Adam Babcock, another young New Haven merchant. [19][20] The captain was wounded in the first exchange of gunfire, and he apologized when Arnold threatened to aim to kill on the second. He traveled extensively in the course of his business throughout New England and from Quebec to the West Indies, often in command of one of his own ships. [128][d], Benedict Arnold's name became synonymous with "traitor" soon after his betrayal became public, and biblical themes were often invoked. [130] In Arnold's home town of Norwich, Connecticut, someone scrawled "the traitor" next to his record of birth at city hall, and all of his family's gravestones have been destroyed except his mother's.[131]. However, British casualties were high; nearly one quarter of the force was killed or wounded, and Clinton declared that he could ill afford any more such victories. But despite all the financial and political reasons he had for his betrayal, it's possible it was actually about love. [126] As a result of a clerical error in the parish records, his remains were removed to an unmarked mass grave during church renovations a century later. [87], Once Arnold established himself at West Point, he began systematically weakening its defenses and military strength. [citation needed], He then continued on to Philadelphia where he met with members of Congress about his rank. Arnold eventually moved to England where he became a merchant. While Benedict Arnold escaped to British-occupied New York, where he was protected from punishment. Arnold lost most of his siblings to yellow fever, calamitous events that triggered alcoholism in his father. His health simply declined, partly as a result of his war wounds, partly as a result of what used to be called dropsy edema, the dramatic retention of fluid in limbs. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. A Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June; Arnold had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. He also faced financial ruin, falling 16,000[b] in debt with creditors spreading rumors of his insolvency, to the point where he took legal action against them. We largely don't even know who he is. During this time, Arnold brought his sister Hannah to New Haven and established her in his apothecary to manage the business in his absence. [75], Arnold's court martial on charges of profiteering began meeting on June 1, 1779, but it was delayed until December 1779 by Clinton's capture of Stony Point, New York, throwing the army into a flurry of activity to react. His ventures met with mixed success. Unable to obtain a regular commission in the British army after the war, Arnold pursued various business ventures like land speculation and privateering before permanently settling in London. [79], Shortly after Washington's rebuke, a Congressional inquiry into Arnold's expenditures concluded that he had failed to account fully for his expenditures incurred during the Quebec invasion, and that he owed the Congress some 1,000,[b] largely because he was unable to document them. [6][103] Among his bequests were considerable gifts to one John Sage, perhaps an illegitimate son or grandson. His father was a successful businessman and young Arnold was educated in private schools. [142] His descendants are spread across Canada, most of all those of John Sage, who adopted the Arnold surname. He then directed the construction of a fleet to defend Lake Champlain, which was overmatched and defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island. Thereafter his name became an epithet for traitor in the United States. After the usual exchange of greetings I ventured to request from him some letters of introduction to his friends in America. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedict-Arnold, American Battlefield Trust - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Benedict Arnold, The Washington Library Center for Digital History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, United States History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benedict Arnold - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Benedict Arnold: meeting with Maj. John Andr. [145], There are plaques on the grounds of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, commemorating all of the generals who served in the Revolution. May God forgive me for ever having put on another,"[125] but this story may be apocryphal. Or was it a kind of extreme midlife crisis, swerving from radical political beliefs to reactionary ones, a change accelerated by his marriage to the very young, very pretty, very Tory Peggy Shippen? His company marched northeast the following month to assist in the siege of Boston that followed the Battles of Lexington and Concord. [29] She is buried in the crypt of the Center Church on New Haven Green. As the park's Facebook page explains, the hero's name was left off the monument for a reason. 2. Interesting Facts About Benedict Arnold. This meeting was thwarted when British gunboats in the river fired on his boat, not being informed of his impending arrival. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In 1787, he moved to Canada to run a merchant business with his sons Richard and Henry. He then took the letter back to Connecticut, suspicious of Arnold's actions, where he delivered it to the head of the Connecticut militia. Arnold and Wemyss faced similar situations but created different legaciesWemyss "served with distinction during the war" but became a footnote in history; Arnold lost the respect of people on all sides of the Revolution and his name became synonymously linked to treason. He was convicted of disorderly conduct and fined the relatively small amount of 50 shillings; publicity of the case and widespread sympathy for his views probably contributed to the light sentence. He and his men were joined by Richard Montgomery's small army and participated in the December 31 assault on Quebec City in which Montgomery was killed and Arnold's leg was shattered. [148] He was buried at St Mary's Church, Battersea, England which has a commemorative stained glass window. Upon the outbreak of hostilities at Lexington, Massachusetts (April 1775), Arnold volunteered for service and participated with Ethan Allen in the successful colonial attack on British-held Fort Ticonderoga, New York, the following month. [77] Arnold worked over the next few months to publicize this fact; however, Washington published a formal rebuke of his behavior in early April, just one week after he had congratulated Arnold on the birth of his son Edward Shippen Arnold on March 19:[78], The Commander-in-Chief would have been much happier in an occasion of bestowing commendations on an officer who had rendered such distinguished services to his country as Major General Arnold; but in the present case, a sense of duty and a regard to candor oblige him to declare that he considers his conduct [in the convicted actions] as imprudent and improper. In the winter of 1782, he and Peggy moved to London, England. Far fewer know . Following the deaths of three of his. Crippled from his wounds, Arnold was placed in command of Philadelphia (June 1778), where he socialized with families of loyalist sympathies and lived extravagantly. [50] There he participated in the first recorded Oath of Allegiance, along with many other soldiers, as a sign of loyalty to the United States.[51]. General George Washington had given him his fullest trust and had placed him in command of West Point in New York. [30] The household was dominated by Arnold's sister Hannah, even while Margaret was alive. [95] They found the papers exposing the plot to capture West Point and passed them on to their superiors,[96] but Andr convinced the unsuspecting Colonel John Jameson, to whom he was delivered, to send him back to Arnold at West Pointbut he never reached West Point. His subordinates, some long-time associates, grumbled about Arnold's unnecessary distribution of supplies and eventually concluded that he was selling them on the black market for personal gain. Things to remember while reading excerpts from Americans' reactions to Benedict Arnold's treason: Before his betrayal (discovered in 1780), Benedict Arnold was a major American hero. General Washington gave him a light reprimand, but it merely heightened Arnold's sense of betrayal; nonetheless, he had already opened negotiations with the British before his court martial even began. Arnold didn't die a heroic death, or even a cowardly death. Promoted to the rank of brigadier general, Arnold constructed a flotilla on Lake Champlain and inflicted severe losses on a greatly superior enemy fleet near Valcour Island, New York (October 11, 1776). [132], Early biographers attempted to describe Arnold's entire life in terms of treacherous or morally questionable behavior. Arnold repeatedly claimed that he was being passed over for promotion by the Continental Congress, and that other officers were being given credit for some of his accomplishments. After Arnold was wounded in 1777, George Washington named him military governor of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, recently abandoned by the British. Arnold's friend, George Washington, was heartbroken over the news, but was forced to deal with the treacherous act. Through the early morning hours of Sept. 22, 1780 the two plotted. Arnold was rebuffed by Congress and by local authorities in requests for security details for himself and his in-laws. Excited by the prospects, Clinton informed his superiors of his intelligence coup, but failed to respond to Arnold's July 7 letter. He received a colonel's commission in the Continental Army for this expedition and left Cambridge in September 1775 with 1,100 men. Benjamin Franklin wrote that "Judas sold only one man, Arnold three millions", and Alexander Scammell described his actions as "black as hell". [117] After her first voyage, Arnold returned to London in 1786 to bring his family to Saint John. Benedict Arnold betrayed the Continental Army to the British when he made secret overtures to British headquarters in May 1779 and, a year later, informed the British of a proposed American invasion of Canada. By early July, he was back in Philadelphia, where he wrote another secret message to Clinton on July 7 which implied that his appointment to West Point was assured and that he might even provide a "drawing of the works by which you might take [West Point] without loss". Besides, I would argue that even if the British d. The America. [132], Talleyrand continued, "I must confess that I felt much pity for him, for which political puritans will perhaps blame me, but with which I do not reproach myself, for I witnessed his agony". He hoped that this work would earn him wider respect and a new command; instead, it earned him and his sons a land-grant of 15,000 acres (6,100ha) in Upper Canada,[122] near present-day Renfrew, Ontario. When his British contact, Maj. John Andr, was captured by the Americans, Arnold escaped on a British ship, leaving Andr to be hanged as a spy. [a][133] Historical markers in Danvers, Massachusetts, and Newburyport, MA commemorate Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec. January 14, 1741, in Norwich Connecticut. Shutterstock Though one might guess that the dish was named for Benedict Arnold, the most famous traitor of the American Revolution, it was not. Soon after Ticonderoga, Arnold brought his men on a dangerous trek through the . [111] He renewed that request when he learned of the surrender, which Clinton then granted. At critical moments Arnold inspired the Patriots with his grit and determination and earned the admiration of George Washington. [110], Even before Cornwallis's surrender in October, Arnold had requested permission from Clinton to go to England to give Lord George Germain his thoughts on the war in person. 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