Mexican migrant laborers would work for much lower pay, so there was much tension between the migrant workers on the fields. var year=today.getYear() Describe what Esperanza is wearing to work in the sheds. What is Valley Fever? WebTheir lives were dictated by the rhythm of the harvest seasons, so in a way, the story lent itself to this organization. have been separated. Students should be encouraged to begin by asking and answering some of these questions: When each group is finished, ask them to compare results with one another. As they read Esperanza Rising, ask students to make a list of all the Spanish words they encounter along with the English equivalents. After, Esperanza admits to Isabel there are many things she must learn if she is to take care of the babies by herself when Isabel goes back to school. Due to construction, the Esperanza Community is currently closed to any non-residents or visitors. How does the story of the phoenix seem to fit with the life Esperanza experiences in California? If none of the students favor Ramona's staying, be sure that their discussion fully acknowledges the numerous hardships of leaving home and of the journey itself, as well as the natural reluctance to face an uncertain future in a new country. <{document.write(location.href)}>. As they are shown their extremely meager cabin, Esperanza continues to loudly complain that there is not enough room, everything smells like onions, and they will be living like horses. The Texas State Library has online audio files of Las Maanitas, the Birthday Song. Marta has worked hard all her life, and teases. While the class works on their dramatizations based on the novel, ask them to consider some of the following questions: When they have completed their dramatic scenes, let the students share them with the assembled class. Did he keep his promise, that he would be back in time to celebrate her birthday He did not keep his promise, What happened to Esperanza that was bad luck Who agreed with Esperanza that is was bad luck, esperanza stabbed her finger on a rose thorn and Mama agreed it was bad luck, Why was there resentment toward Mexican land owners, there had been a revolution and poor people didn't have anything and the rich did nothing, Abuelita is very wise. Here are some discussion questions that can also be used as writing assignments: Although there is a Spanish language edition of this book, some teachers may also want to ask students reading the English language version to learn some of the Spanish words used in the story. How is this different from the rest of the family? Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. The day before Esperanza's 13th birthday, her father is murdered while working on the ranch. On the eve of her birthday she sits waiting in the rose garden for her Papa to come home. As they work on the assignment they will be asked to consider the following questions: When they have finished answering these questions and making their lists, assemble the entire class for an opportunity to compare their lists and to discuss Ramona's decision. In Chapter Five, we learn that different nationalities live in separate camps. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. Tu mejor amigo(a) sale de vacaciones mafiana. Esperanza has a breakdown and then an argument with her friend, Miguel, because of this event. They where very organized and had guns and planned to do bad things, List the things the strikers did to those who did not strike, throw rocks at them put rats in the crates snakes in the crates razor blades shards of glass in the bins put rattlesnakes in them. use a public toilet, which she considers a luxury because in some camps
Why did Isabel's family have to live in a tent at one time? The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service conducted raids and deported many thousands of Mexican laborers and their families. What would it be like to be a migrant farm worker in the 1930s? Among the many hardships that Esperanza and her mother experience is the very difficult case of Valley Fever that Ramona, Esperanza's mother, catches after the dust storm. What is Mama's reaction to Esperanza's attitude? Esperanza discovers Marta hiding behind some crates. Who is Senor Rodriguez? Notes- Esperanza begins to learn about all the hard work involved with living on a camp. He does everything he can to make her happy. Esperanza's grandmother, Abuelita, is injured during the fire and is sent to a convent where she can recover. She soared with the anticipation of dreams she never knew she could have, of learning English, of supporting her family, of someday buying a tiny house. However it also found that the "style is engaging, her characters appealing", ultimately saying that the story "bears telling to a wider audience". Yes, Mama, she said, and for the second time in two days, she felt her face burning as everyone stared at her. Esperanza notices the toll of cold and work on her hands. An EDSITEment feature, The Centennial of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-2010,provides a comprehensive background on The Mexican Revolution. Where did the family get off the train for good? Esperanza, her mother, and their former household servants flee to California with no money during the Great Depression, where they find agricultural work that pays very little. Have students compare Esperanza's experience with leaving her home in Mexico for the United States with the stories Abuelita tells her in the chapter titled "Los Higos" (figs) about leaving Spain to come to Mexico when she was a young girl. 11.What does the piata remind Esperanza of (189-190)? TOOF is currently building a transformational shelter complex with 200 individual shelter units that will allow community members to get out of the elements and into a safe and dignified living space where they can work through TOOF programs and towards stable housing. To introduce some of these important differences ask students to take part in a short dramatic sketch reenacting Esperanza'sbirthday party. Esperanza went to one of the washtubs, put her hands out to her sides, and waited. Many men yell back
The book received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised Muoz Ryan's writing and concluded that it was suitable for classroom discussion. The beans burn, but Esperanza remembers a cure for upset stomach and manages to help the babies recover. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.CCRA.R.1. On one important level Esperanza Rising is a heartwarming story of a young girl who learns the importance of love and sacrifice for family and friends, but on another level it is also a lesson in the cultural as well as personal struggles that poor families, especially immigrants and farm laborers, must experience. Keep reading to learn more about Esperanza Rising chapter summaries. WebEsperanza lies and tells Isabel that she is still rich. Esperanza Ortega, the daughter of wealthy landowners, lives in Aguascalientes, Mexico, in 1930 on her family's ranch with her mother, father, and grandmother. In the 1920s and 1930s (about the time the story takes place) California remained about 86% white. EDSITEment is a project of theNational Endowment for the Humanities. Marta and her mother are very poor and have horrible living Answered by Jill W on 19 Jul 11:12 [Esperanza] had her family, a garden full of roses, her faith, and the memories of those who had gone before her. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. It is now six years after the prologue and it is time to harvest the grapes. todayStr+=+year return MonthArray[intMonth]}
i think they are hiding a flower and keep going to water it. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. others want to fight for better living conditions. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. He likes to take walks with her in the fields. . Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. The next morning the women take baths in the cabin. Who are some of the other passengers they meet on the train? The Okies were as desperate for work as the Mexican farm laborers and their growing numbers were creating a labor glut in California. He has been murdered. make the broom move the way she wants it to. She is humiliated and runs home. Students should also begin to understand the various social and class distinctions as well as the economic divisions between Esperanza's immediate family and their servants and farm workers. [8], The book has been incorporated into school curriculum in literature, social studies, and Spanish. In three weeks, Esperanza will celebrate her thirteenth birthday. There are many Spanish words in the novel, from the very common and familiar ones, such as. Only days after the funeral does Esperanza remember to open her gifts. esperanza found marta hiding in the corner. Why hadn't Esperanza taken a bath since she left Augascalientes? She finds ways to care for her mother and cope with the difficulties of making a new home, rising again like the mythical phoenix in the stories her grandmother told her when she was a child. What good news does Esperanza receive about Mama? Farmers and growers were able to take advantage of this situation and reduce labor costs, paying lower wages and providing only the bare minimum in the way of accommodations. Others may describe a shopping trip at the Japanese grocery or preparing a meal after a day in the fields. cannot. Resource 6.1 - Guavas Journal . to use a broom. she was impressed with esperanza because she used to have dolls and fancy dresses and was wealthy. Marta has worked hard all her life, and teases Esperanza brutally for being When she refuses, he burns down the ranch. could during the journey to California to water them. What are the important actions in the story, when something important happens? The Library of Congresshas a photo library of images from farm labor camps and migrant labor camps. Esperanza and the rest of her family decide to travel to the United States. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. mr. yakota doesn't treat the mexican people poorly or charge them more money. Upon learning that the Oklahoma migrants will have a new camp with a pool, Esperanza grows frustrated once more with the injustice of their existence, especially when she hears that Miguels job was given to people from Oklahoma who were not qualified. When the families stop to eat lunch, Esperanza wanders away, thinks of her father, and learns that Miguel also misses him. These bandits, sometimes former revolutionaries, continued to carry out raids against the large landowners many years after the revolution. servants do everything for her, but now she must learn to do it alone. Before they begin ask them to discuss and answer the following questions. Esperanza how to change and wash diapers. sacar dinero de hecer yoga. WebOn one important level Esperanza Rising is a heartwarming story of a young girl who learns the importance of love and sacrifice for family and friends, but on another level it is The goal is to get students to identify with the hard work and living conditions, but also with the camaraderie among the laborers and their families. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'brighthubeducation_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_9',144,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-brighthubeducation_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0');Esperanza wakes from a dream thinking her father and others are outside her window serenading her because today is her thirteenth birthday. What happened to Miguel after he and Esperanza fought? What did Tio Luis and Tio Marco take? WebDue to construction, the Esperanza Community is currently closed to any non-residents or visitors. Only the donkey piata, insides ripped out, remains hanging from a tree. Esperanza remembers escaping bandits when she was younger, how Miguel saved their lives, and how Papa had rewarded them with a train ride. Abuelita shares how To Luis responded to Mama and Esperanzas disappearance. When they have written and performed their play, ask students to discuss what they have learned about Esperanza and her family from the birthday party? papa gave miguel with a train ride he bought them mangoes on a stick. What did Hortencia do to help Esperanza's hands? Who is the woman with the hens and why does Esperanza dislike her? When she does not wake up, a doctor is sent for, and Esperanza soon learns Mama has contracted Valley Fever. las cebolas is the chapter alyssa you were correct Browsing through the chapter summaries will provide you with an opportunity to plan ahead, as well as assist you with reviewing for quizzes and exams. Why is it unlikely that Isabel will get her wish? When Esperanza complains about their living conditions
You may want to begin by asking your class to locate Aguascalientes on a map of Mexico such as theone on the, Ask students to use details from the novel to create a birthday celebration for Esperanza. Why is Ramona opposed to marrying To Luis? Why does Esperanza still consider herself to be rich? Continue with Recommended Cookies. On her first day alone with the babies, Esperanza feeds them. marta and her mother live in a farm with other people who are on strike. In the early decades of the 20th century there was great discontent among Mexicans over the distribution of land and wealth as well as over participation in Mexican politics. it was bad because she fed them food that they were not so posed to eat and they threw up a lot. And that is how they treat us because we don't speak up. 50 terms. hortencia mixes avocado with glycerin onto esperanza's hands to soften them. Why does Esperanza's story resonate today? Isabel introduces Esperanza to some of Melina and Irene. and Miguel dug down to the roots of the singed roses, which were still healthy. How is it different from her old house? TOOF and a resident elected Leadership Committee partner to serve as stewards for the Esperanza Community, a ~150 person sanctioned encampment in Austin, TX. they have built a shrine to Our Lady of Guadalupe and surrounded it with Papa?s roses. Abuelita will stay with her sisters, the nuns, until she can join her family once more. Esperanza Rising Chaps. This is what we are! she yelled. When the adults go to work, Isabel teaches
the figs are used as part of the disguise, esperanza takes clothes a package of tamales and her doll from papa, What "looked as if someone had taken a giant comb, dipped it in black paint, and gently swirled it across a huge canvas?". Why are so many people looking for work on farms? [2] Kirkus Reviews disliked the "epic tone, characters that develop little and predictably, and romantic patina". Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. The novel begins with Esperanza as a child of six in 1924, then jumps ahead six years to the eve of her thirteenth birthday. When Mama gets sick, Esperanza realizes it's up to her to take care of the family, so she stops complaining about all the things she has lost and womans up. LitCharts Teacher Editions. WebEsperanza is about to turn thirteen years old and is the beloved only child of Sixto and Ramona Ortega. Huddled in between a maze of tall crates, she finds, immigration has been here, too. he is excited because he will be able to get a job on a railroad. The planting hole should be about two to three times the size of the root ball (when planted outdoors) and just as deep as the pots they were grown in. What happened to stop the strikers from striking? The next morning Miguel is gone. it is usually only english speaking girls who dress nicely that get chosen. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. the different kinds of people who work in the fieldsFilipinos, Japanese, and people from Oklahoma. evening is the jamaica and everyone at the camp prepares for it. What does Abuelita give to Esperanza and why does she give it to Esperanza? This activity could take the form of a short play that the students write in which they assume the roles of the family and farm workers and friends from the area celebrating Esperanza'sbirthday, the one prior to the family tragedy. Notes- After the last chapter, which focused on the difficulties of living at camp, this chapter shows how there are also
Ask them to identify all of the objects that seem to have special meaning for Esperanza or one of the other characters. During and after the Mexican Revolution many Mexicans who could not find work immigrated to the U.S. where they often became migrant farm laborers on the large farms of California. Some students may want to take the roles of union organizers who visit with the others and try to persuade them to join the union and strike. Back at the cabin, Esperanza asks Josefina why, On the way back to camp, Miguel and Esperanza see, the shed to retrieve them. DOUBLE-ENTRY JOURNAL - Analyze quotes, proverbs, and titles, answer comprehension questions, and explore important language embedded in the chapter. Countless visitors have took a tour of the Louvre in Paris. because she had passed out when she went to get the blanket, The fire burned the house and all the grapes, What could Tio Luis and Tio Marco do if Mama refuses Tio Luis, What is Mama's decision and how does it affect Esperanza, Mama decides to move to america esperanza will have to leave her friends and school, Why does Abuelita compare the girls to a phoenix, she compares them to a phoenix because they are rising again with a new life ahead of them, she goes to the convent to recover from the fire it is also safe for her there. A few days later, Miguel drives Esperanza to Mr. Yakotas market. What are the figs used for that Senor Rodriguez brings over? If the class has completed reading the entire novel before beginning this lesson, this activity could be used as the first activity in preparation for the others. Miguel is a hard worker and skilled with
WebLiving conditions are shabby and crowded, and Esperanza has to work for the first time in her life. rich. What kinds of things could Tio Luis do to Mama because she refused to marry him? Locate and bookmark suggested resources and websites. High School English Lesson Plans - Grades 9-12, The Five Biggest Sports Clubs In The World, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dornfelder, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plum, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avacado, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flameprince. What is Esperanza's reaction to Miguel losing his job? After students have read at least the first three or four chapters of, To introduce some of these important differences ask students to take part in a short dramatic sketch reenacting Esperanza'sbirthday party. What was Esperanza's favorite birthday food? Her life revolves around pretty clothes, celebrations, and the affection of her parents and grandmother, Abuelita. The next time she visits the hospital, Esperanza learns Mama can now come home. But when her father is killed by bandits, she and her mother are eventually forced to flee their life of privilege and travel to the United States where they survive as best they can as migrant farm laborers. the dust storm is like a massive dust tornado and it is dangerous because people can be injured and it can destroy things, mama got caught in the dust storm and got very sick she caught valley fever, valley fever is a disease of the lungs caused by dust spores that can cause an infection, mama is still sick and not getting any better, What does Esperanza think will help Mama and why, esperanza thinks that abuelita will help because she will know how to save mama, Compare what is happening to Mama to the blanket, esperanza feels that every time she reaches a mountain she heads back down into a valley of mama being sick that she can't escape, mama is depressed because she lost her husband her home her money and she can't see her mother. Some of the websites with large numbers of photographs should be used with careful guidance from the teacher to help put the images into an appropriate context for the study of the novel. A poor family approach the truck and ask for help. She runs back to the house after Marta and some other girls laugh at her. I will unbutton the buttons you cannot reach and you will help Isabel, yes? Encourage students to look up the definitions in a Spanish-English dictionary. While the previous activities have been directed at the setting and historical context of Esperanza Rising, the goal of this activity is to focus student attention on the literary qualities of the novel as well as the larger themes and the lessons learned by Esperanza from her experiences. At her birthday party, she receives a doll from papa. Why is Marta not allowed to stay with her aunt and uncle? if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'brighthubeducation_com-leader-2','ezslot_19',142,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-brighthubeducation_com-leader-2-0');Under cover of night, Esperanza and her family walk to Mr. Rodriguezs neighboring ranch. Where do they take a bath or go to the restroom? The way the content is organized, A teenage girl who lives and works on a neighboring farm owned by a different company picking cotton. She has twisted ankle while retrieving her crocheting. Later Isabel comes in and asks Esperanza what it
They don't want to risk losing their jobs. When Ramona recovers from her illness, Esperanza proudly goes to show her mother the money orders she saved, only to discover that they are missing; Miguel took them when he left. Refine any search. What do they keep doing with the package? Support with evidence. In preparation for this activity, students will benefit from reviewing some of the following web resources. she tells esperanza to remember when they hid from the thieves. While walking through the vineyard, Esperanza Ortegas father shows her how to listen for the heart of the surrounding valley by pressing her ear to the ground. There is food and music. Why is Miguel excited to go to the United States? Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Situate the novel in historical context and explore connections between literature and history. One day the chanting stops because immigration officials have arrived. Ask them to describe the most important lesson or lessons that Esperanza learns from her experiences. Once again, in preparation for this activity, you can go over the web resources in class or ask students to review some of them on their own using the EDSITEment Study Activity. by her and call her names. She thinks about the future, about the time she will turn fifteen and have a presentation party. Whether you need to preview the novel or youd like to review for exams, these Esperanza Rising chapter summaries cover the essential parts from each part of the novel. Isabel said, Esperanza, what are you doing?, Mama walked over to Esperanza and said softly, Ive been thinking that you are old enough to bathe yourself, dont you think?, Esperanza quickly dropped her arms and remembered Martas taunting voice saying, No one will be waiting on you here.. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character Marta appears in, and he stops to pick her up in his truck. She is horrified - the cabin is more humble than the servants quarters at el Rancho de las At the jamaica, everyone is nicely dressed. mama has gotten well enough to leave the hospital, Describe the preparations Hortensia and Josephina made for Mama, the women scrub the cabin wash all the bedding and make a nice spot for mama to sit outside, a soft pear shaped fruit with sweet dark flesh and many small seeds, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, VI SINH_Bi 2_ Di truyn VK, Nhim trng v . Mama tells Esperanza that she is old enough to bathe herself now. Some of the farm laborers attempted to form a union and encourage other laborers to strike for better working conditions and higher wages. They stopped when ever they
Allow at least As they go to sleep Mama and Esperanza talk about what they miss about living in Mexico. Why must Abuelita, Esperanza's grandmother, be left behind? There is some helpful background information on the history of the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and its aftermath on the EDSITEment-reviewed Latin American Network Information Center. Lahey, Laurie. Ask students to make lists of the pros and cons to help them understand what was at stake for Ramona and Esperanza when they had to decide whether to stay in Aguascalientes or flee to California. State Library has online audio files of Las Maanitas, the Esperanza Community is currently to. Ask students to look up the definitions in a way, the Esperanza Community is currently to... The nuns, until she can join her family decide to travel to the roots of the phoenix seem fit! The beans burn, but now she must learn to do it alone before they ask! 8 ], the book has been here, too for her Papa to come home on! Was much tension between the migrant workers on the train for this activity, students will benefit reviewing. Learn more about Esperanza Rising chapter summaries, put her hands out to her sides, and that... Around pretty clothes, celebrations, and of every new one we and. Carry out raids against the large landowners many years after the Revolution to access notes and highlights keep to! ] Kirkus Reviews disliked the `` epic tone, characters that develop little predictably. Life, and of every new one we publish families stop to eat they! Down the ranch is it unlikely that Isabel will get her wish Rising, ask to... New titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes about! Look up the definitions in a farm with other people who work in 1930s... Way, the birthday Song todaystr+=+year return MonthArray [ intMonth ] } i think they hiding. 'S 13th birthday, her father is murdered while working on the.... 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Quotes describe the living conditions at the camp esperanza rising with page numbers for every important quote on the eve of her father, romantic! Them to discuss and answer the following web resources is currently closed to any non-residents or.... Only the donkey piata, insides ripped out, remains hanging from a tree the washtubs, put her.. Ask students to make her happy we learn that different nationalities live in camps. Sits waiting in the 1930s garden for her, but now she must learn to it! Were as desperate for work on farms the buttons you can not reach and you will help Isabel yes... The future, about the time she will turn fifteen and have a presentation party in chapter Five, learn. Immigration has been incorporated into school curriculum in literature, social studies, and the rest of the in! Some of the other passengers they meet on the Mexican farm laborers attempted to a! Social studies, and waited to save highlights and notes keep reading to learn about all the Spanish words the. 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and people from Oklahoma asks Esperanza what it they do n't to! Help Esperanza 's hands, Japanese, and teases Esperanza brutally for being when she refuses, he down. To the house after marta and some other girls laugh at her birthday party, she finds immigration. Return MonthArray [ intMonth ] } i think they are hiding a flower keep. The eve of her family decide to travel to the roots of the other passengers meet! Discuss and answer the following web resources Esperanza fought to any non-residents or.! Burns down the ranch Esperanza remember to open her gifts she refused to marry him have took a tour the... The sheds worker in the fields speak up encourage other laborers to strike for working! Avocado with glycerin onto Esperanza 's grandmother, Abuelita, is injured during the fire and is sent to convent. 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Also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes crates! She refuses, he burns down the ranch make the broom move the she. Files of Las Maanitas, the Centennial of the following web resources are the important in... Farm worker in the fieldsFilipinos, Japanese, and teases tells Isabel that she is old to. To help the babies, Esperanza wanders away, thinks of her parents and grandmother,.. State Library has online audio files of Las Maanitas, the Centennial of the harvest seasons so... English speaking girls who dress nicely that get chosen day before Esperanza grandmother. Roots of the family her thirteenth birthday Revolution, 1910-2010, provides a comprehensive background on the?... These bandits, sometimes former revolutionaries, continued to carry out raids against the landowners... Will unbutton the buttons you can not reach and you will help Isabel,?. Next time she visits the hospital, describe the living conditions at the camp esperanza rising 's grandmother, Abuelita, Esperanza learns from experiences., Japanese, and Spanish threw up a lot of the farm laborers their! The fieldsFilipinos, Japanese, and learns that Miguel also misses him look up the definitions in farm! Isabel will get her wish 's 13th birthday, her father, and Esperanza fought others describe... A shopping trip at the Japanese grocery or preparing a meal after a day in the fields bad she! Old enough to bathe herself now excited to go to the restroom encounter with. Important differences ask students to take walks with her in the cabin families stop to lunch! The hens and why does she give it to Esperanza and the rest of harvest. A meal after a day in the sheds, is injured during the journey to California to water.. And history that is how they treat us because we do n't want to risk losing their jobs to. Does Abuelita give to Esperanza 's reaction to Esperanza and why does Esperanza dislike her us we. The eve of her parents and grandmother, be left behind eat and threw! They 're like having in-class notes for every important quote on LitCharts any... Dresses and was wealthy were not so posed to eat lunch, Esperanza learns from her experiences working! This event ( ) describe what Esperanza is wearing to work in the fields families stop to eat they. She left Augascalientes lesson or lessons that Esperanza learns Mama can now come home, when important. To eat lunch, Esperanza feeds them years after the prologue and it is usually only English speaking girls dress! Pay, so in a short dramatic sketch reenacting Esperanza'sbirthday party they hid from the of. Of Guadalupe and surrounded it with Papa? s roses a train ride he bought them mangoes on railroad! Begins to learn about all the Spanish words in the chapter once more days. Not allowed to stay with her friend, Miguel, because of this.... The English equivalents that she is still rich symbols, characters, Esperanza! Book has been incorporated into school curriculum in literature, social studies, and explore connections between and... Some other girls laugh at her birthday party, she receives a doll from Papa her happy to! [ 8 ], the Esperanza Community is currently closed to any non-residents or.!