After a failed audition for Columbia, the ODJB had greater success with a recording of "Livery Stable Blues" for Victor in February 1917. Similarly, syncopation and swing, often considered essential and unique to jazz, are in fact lacking in much authentic jazz, whether of the 1920s or of later decades. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Each member could offer suggestions for enhancing a piece of music, subject to the approval of the leader. During the 1930s and 1940s, the earlier group-improvisation style fell out of favour with the majority of younger black players, while some older players of both races continued on in the older style. 504-589-3882 The band became an instant hit, which led directly to interest for the nations top record manufacturers, Victor and Columbia, who were eager to exploit the new "jazz craze." "Dixieland" redirects here. Between 12th and 14th Streets Keppard feared (with some justification) that recording would enable the competition to copy his style. For best response, please call during business hours. Jazz is a complicated style of music that is also regarded as uniquely American. Whereas the Streckfus officials usually hired black bands to play on the boat for white audiences, the clients of the Pythian Temple was black affluent, representing a cross-section of New Orleans black middle and upper classes. However, theater audiences were not in a position to respond appropriately because New Orleans jazz was essentially dancing music. - History, Characteristics & Instruments, African American Jazz Musicians: Lesson for Kids, 15th Century English Furniture: History & Styles, 18th Century French Furniture: History & Styles, 17th Century French Furniture: History & Styles, 19th Century American Furniture: History, Designers & Styles, 19th Century French Furniture: History & Styles, 18th Century European Furniture: History & Styles, Early Middle Ages Furniture: History & Design, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Recognize the reason that jazz is hard to define, Summarize the evolution of jazz music since the early 20th century. Pentatonic Scales & Songs | What Does Pentatonic Mean? Non-Chicagoans such as Pee Wee Russell and Bobby Hackett are often thought of as playing in this style. Look at this section of sheet music. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Syncopation feels unexpected, sometimes even forced, but breaks up normal rhythms into unique patterns. In addition, comedy, specialty, and character dances to jazz rhythms became standard stage routines. The success of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band through the medium of phonograph recording completed a revolution in dance and instrumentation begun in the 1890's by Buddy Bolden and fathered some two decades earlier. This standardized the jazz band lineup and demonstrated dramatically how recordings could be used to promote the music. Hemiola Rhythm & Examples | What is Hemiola in Music? In terms of playing style, Dutch jazz bands occupy a position between revivalist and original New Orleans jazz, with more solos than the latter but without abandoning the principle of ensemble playing. African-American musical traditions mixed with others and gradually jazz emerged from a blend of ragtime, marches, blues, and other kinds of music. Jazz has been, from its very beginnings at the turn of the 20th century, a constantly evolving, expanding, changing music, passing through several distinctive phases of development; a definition that might apply to one phasefor instance, to New Orleans style or swingbecomes inappropriate when applied to another segment of its history, say, to free jazz. The provenance of melody (tune, theme, motive, riff) in jazz is more obscure. Made by New Orleans musicians for New Orleans people, it has all the swing and pep and spirit that is so characteristic of the bands whose names are a by-word at New Orleans dances." Most early classical composers (such as Aaron Copland, John Alden Carpenterand even Igor Stravinsky, who became smitten with jazz) were drawn to its instrumental sounds and timbres, the unusual effects and inflections of jazz playing (brass mutes, glissandos, scoops, bends, and stringless ensembles), and its syncopations, completely ignoring, or at least underappreciating, the extemporized aspects of jazz. Study the elements of jazz through this lesson, then determine whether you can do the following: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Dodds brothers were pursuing a career on their own. Swing is something that is often spontaneous, only used by musicians when it feels right. The 1917 recordings by the Original Dixieland Jass Band (which shortly thereafter changed the spelling of its name to "Original Dixieland Jazz Band"), fostered awareness of this new style of music. The growth of radio, television, and recording, which popularized Black music among wide audiences, greatly aided the diffusion of these dances. Washington, D.C. Email powered by MailChimp (Privacy Policy & Terms of Use), African American History Curatorial Collective. Romantic Era Composers & Music | When Was the Romantic Era? This website helped me pass! Cool Jazz Characteristics & History | What is Cool Jazz? Jazz Music Characteristics & History | What is Jazz? I feel like its a lifeline. Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Elements of Jazz: Swing, Syncopation, Styles & History, Charlie Parker: Jazz Styles, Saxophone & Improvisation, Dizzy Gillespie: Compositions, Trumpet & Latin Jazz, Ella Fitzgerald: Songs, Improvisational Style & Vocal Phrasing, Jazz Masters: Louis Armstrong, Charlie Parker, Cole Porter & More, MTEL Middle School Humanities (50): Practice & Study Guide, History of Major World Religions Study Guide, WEST Middle Level Humanities (Subtests 1 & 2)(052/053): Practice & Study Guide, What Is Jazz? Early examples of Dixieland, New Orleans style jazz improvisations were a world apart The music played by Dutch jazz bands includes both the original New Orleans tunes, as well as the songs of the revival era. While Armstrong managed to adapt to the changes in the music business during the Depression years Jelly sank into obscurity. In 1921, 100 million phonograph records were produced in the United States (compared to 25 million in 1914). The freedom, spontaneity, and casual nature of jazz matched the attitudes of the Roaring Twenties. By 1914, Johnson had attracted some of New Orleans best "hot" jazz players, including cornetist Freddie Keppard (widely regarded as Boldens successor), clarinetist George Baquet, and violinist James Palao. Another of the top performance sites for local jazz bands was the Pythian Temple Roof Garden, part of the multi-story complex run by the Knights of Pythia. During this time, the European classical legacy and the influence of European folk and African/Caribbean elements were merged with a popular American mainstream, which combined and adapted Old World practices into new forms deriving from a distinctive regional environment. He shared credit for "Snake Rag" and "New Orleans Stomp" with clarinetist Alphonse Picou; "Dipper Mouth Blues" and "Canal Street Blues" with Louis Armstrong; and "Working Mans Blues" with Lil Hardin, in addition to his own tunes, "Chimes Blues" and "Just Gone." Developed near the turn of the 20th century, it was not recorded first in New Orleans but rather in Jazz grew from the African American slaves who were prevented from maintaining their native musical traditions and felt the need to substitute some homegrown form of musical expression. WebStylistic offshoots included West Coast/Third Stream. The term is sometimes used more narrowly to describe (1) popular stage dance (except tap dance) and (2) jazz-derived or jazz-influenced forms of modern dance. WebMusical styles showing influences from traditional jazz include later styles of jazz, rhythm and blues, and early rock and roll. Trombonist Frankie Dusen took over Boldens group renaming it the Eagle Band after a favorite saloon. The idea of soloists playing in relation to backup ensembles also worked easily with larger bands, which began to form in the 1920s. Jazz-rock was the most popular fusion style; notable interpreters included It started out as a backlash to the Chicago style, which is closer in development towards swing. Bassist Charles Mingus paid homage to traditional jazz styles with compositions such as Eat Dat Chicken and My Jellyroll Soul. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He first recorded it with Johnny Dodds Black Bottom Stompers in April, and then with his own Hot Seven a month later. During the better part of the recording boom of the 1920s, Chicago was the place to be. Jazz music bends and moves, incorporating new styles and sounds. For the nickname of the Southern United States, see. Jazz musicians like to play their songs in their own distinct styles, and so you might listen to a dozen different jazz recordings of the same song, but each will sound different. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/art/jazz-dance. Scale in Music Overview & Types | How Many Scales are There in Music? Give an example of a band from each category. Divided by many experts into white (the Original Dixieland Jazz Band and the New Orleans Rhythm Kings, which first recorded in 1917 and 1922, respectively) and Black (cornetist King Olivers Creole Jazz Band and Kid Orys Spikes Seven Pods of Pepper Orchestra, which first recorded in 1923 and 1922, respectively), it is traditionally said to have placed great emphasis on collective improvisation, all musicians simultaneously playing mutual embellishments. During the next decade he built a loyal following, entertaining dancers throughout the city (especially at Funky Butt Hall, which also doubled as a church, and at Johnson and Lincoln Parks). Violinist Manuel Manetta recalled being let go by one of the Citys most successful bands because "Joe Oliver and Kid Ory wanted to follow the format of the Dixieland Jazz Band and use only five pieces." jazz - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), jazz - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Marables recording of "Frankie and Johnny" (recorded in New Orleans for Okeh in 1924) indicates that improvisation was more an afterthought than an objective. After the first recordings of jazz were made in 1917, the music spread widely and developed rapidly. Learn about the major elements of jazz, swing and syncopation, as well as its history and various styles. [jA+!x]6&>s| ln+fB6 pBBB`|,WR%^1j;;S&JMCCm|H$q]{7>+=8',[@QmU>}b! However you define it, jazz music has been a major part of America's musical landscape. jazz dance, any dance to jazz accompaniments, composed of a profusion of forms. New Orleans The city's population was more diverse than anywhere else in the South, and people of African, French, Caribbean, Italian, German, Mexican, and American Indian, as well as English, descent interacted with one another. They all shared a common understanding of the New Orleans idiom that enabled them to interact effectively. In other words, the former accentuations of multiple vertically competing metres were drastically simplified to syncopated accents. Johnson sent for Joe Oliver who, at age 33, had earned a reputation as one of the Crescent Citys top cornetist. Louis Armstrong, a trumpet player from New Orleans and then Chicago, is considered the father of modern jazz improvisation. Ironically, it was two New Orleans musicians who perhaps best illustrated these trends. The New Orleans drummer Idris Muhammad adapted second-line drumming to modern jazz styles and gained crossover influence on the R&B style of James Brown. It excludes social dances lacking jazz accompanimente.g., the rumba and other Latin-American dances. Omissions? 174, New Orleans white music union, Celestin and others petitioned to establish a local chapter (496) of the American Federation of Musicians in 1926, which ultimately was chartered in Gulfport, Mississippi, because you couldn't have two unions in the same state. WebJazz developed a series of different styles including traditional jazz, swing (listen, for example, to Benny Carter, who got his start in swing music, in Benny's Music Class) This band was organized in Los Angeles by bassist Bill Johnson, who traveled with a band to that city as early as 1908. cool jazz, a style of jazz that emerged in the United States during the late 1940s. Such composers as the Brazilian mulatto Jos Maurcio Nunes Garcia were fully in touch with the musical advances of their time that were developing in Europe and wrote music in those styles and traditions. Two years later production remained high at 92 million, setting a trend, which continued, for the better part of the decade (until the impact of radio). The syncopations of jazz were not entirely newthey had been the central attraction of one of its forerunners, ragtime, and could be heard even earlier in minstrel music and in the work of Creole composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk (Bamboula, subtitled Danse des Ngres, 184445, and Ojos Criollos, 1859, among others). Developed near the turn of the 20th century, it was not recorded first in New Orleans but rather in Chicago, Los Angeles, and Richmond, Indiana. See also Chicago style. Louis Armstrong: Music, Trumpet & Vocal Style. Any attempt to arrive at a precise, all-encompassing definition of jazz is probably futile. ,5;CVIFhw,@9'D!QB1e{r,:GM-MzbL7~4[RQ@"P"zG'ya%(0< J%XabyhXFjI`a41wHZ/`HzU7yV_UUR53)? Morton was also a brilliant piano soloist, capable of using the full extent of the keyboard to recreate the sound of a band. It is based in African-American rhythms, incorporated into more mainstream American melodies and reflecting casual attitudes. Chicago-style bands play a wide variety of tunes, including most of those of the more traditional bands plus many of the Great American Songbook selections from the 1930s by George Gershwin, Jerome Kern, Cole Porter, and Irving Berlin. They came to be grouped as Dixieland standards beginning in the 1950s. In its wake appeared other social dances such as the Charleston (1920s), the jitterbug (1930s and 40s), the twist (1960s), and disco dancing (1970s). WebThe essential elements that were accepted as within the style were the traditional front lines consisting of trumpets, trombones, and clarinets, and ensemble improvisation over a two-beat rhythm. All style dates given are approximations of when each respective style came to the forefront of jazz and experienced its most concentrated development; of course, styles and dates overlap. In his book "Jazz" the critic Rex Harris defined Dixieland as "Jazz played in a quasi-New Orleans manner by white musicians." For example, with the arrival of free jazz and other latter-day avant-garde manifestations, many senior musicians maintained that music that didnt swing was not jazz. New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi River, played a key role in this development. Davis, Miles & Troupe, Quincy (1990). For almost all of its history it has employed both creative approaches in varying degrees and endless permutations. Many Blacks in those other regions were very often emancipated by the early 1800s and thus were free individuals who actively participated in the cultural development of their own countries. After playing briefly with Charley Galloways string band in 1894, Bolden formed his own group in 1895. movement of the early Romantic era features ornate and intricate vocal melodies, 79 lessons. The word "Dixie" is the nickname of the Southern United States, wherein New Orleans - the birthplace of Dixieland Jazz - is located. Early Jazz A. The Music Early Jazz - or Dixieland - developed in the early 20th century (1900 1928) 1; its four main influences were ragtime, military brass bands, the blues, and gospel music. Those are just some of the reasons that jazz is a great art form, and why some people consider it "America's classical music.". The music that eventually became jazz evolved out of a wide-ranging, gradually assimilated mixture of Black and white folk musics and popular styles, with roots in both West Africa and Europe. It is not by coincidence that the decade of the 1920s has come to be known as "The Jazz Age." Rock Band Instruments & Equipment | What are Rock & Roll Instruments? Thus, a great variety of Black musical sensibilities were assembled on American soil. How did changes in the music business affect American popular music during the 1920s? American slaves, by contrast, were restricted not only in their work conditions and religious observances but in leisure activities, including music making. It wasnt until the mid-1940s that an attempt was made to document this part of jazz heritage. As a composer, soloist, and ensemble player, Morton moved rhythms beyond the stiffness of ragtime into the looser and more exciting feel of swing. 1. Other people define jazz by the feelings it creates, the smooth and unrestricted sounds, or the attitude of freedom and cool that it embodies. The primary feature of Dixieland jazz is "collective improvisation;" that is, rather than each musician taking a solo in turn (as in most styles of jazz today), Dixieland jazz musicians all improvise at the same time. While Mortons music reflected elements drawn from the mood and spirit of many places, and musical styles, the influence of the crescent city remained ever present as a source of inspiration. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 This creates a more polyphonic sound than the heavily arranged big band sound of the 1930s or the straight melodies (with or without harmonizing) of bebop in the 1940s. So, where does it say on the sheet music to do that? Jazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of jazz itself from roots in Black American society and was popularized in ballrooms by the big bands of the swing era (1930s and 40s). Many jazz musicians also rely on swing, an informal alteration to normal durations of notes to create a sense of rhythm. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [2] The music of Sicily was one of the many genres in the New Orleans music scene during the 1910s, alongside sanctified church music, brass band music and blues.[3]. Jazz musicians place a high value on finding their own sound and style, and that means, for example, that trumpeter Miles Davis sounds very different than trumpeter Louis Armstrong (whose sound you can hear in Louis's Music Class.) New Orleans music combined earlier brass band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime, and blues with collective, polyphonic improvisation. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Bill Russell recorded Buck Johnsons brass band in 1945 and Rudi Blesh did the Original Zenith in 1946. In most jazz performances, players play solos which they make up on the spot, which requires considerable skill. Crossing the color line in Indianaa state where the Ku Klux Klan was politically powerful in the 1920swas potentially hazardous, even for something as anonymous as a recording session. The 1950s introduced free jazz without a strict beat and hard bop with a strong beat. Syncopation places rhythmic stress in areas where it normally isn't found, like on the second and fourth beats. Armstrongs Hot Five was the vehicle for his growth as a jazz musician. Jazz | Definition, History, Musicians, & Facts | Britannica To repeat Armstrongs famous reply when asked what swing meant: If you have to ask, youll never know. To add to the confusion, there often have been seemingly unbridgeable perceptual differences between the producers of jazz (performers, composers, and arrangers) and its audiences. Armstrong and Bechet, in particular, helped to move the emphasis away from ensemble improvisation to a focus on solo improvisation, anticipating the later Dixieland style. One crucial outcome of these musical acculturations was the development by Blacks of the so-called blues scale, with its blue notesthe flatted third and seventh degrees. Largely occurring at the same time as the "New Orleans Traditional" revival movement in the United States, traditional jazz music made a comeback in the Low Countries. The emergence of ragtime, blues and later, jazz satisfied this demand. That jazz developed uniquely in the United States, not in the Caribbean or in South America (or any other realm to which thousands of African Blacks were also transported) is historically fascinating. The widely prevalent emphasis on pentatonic formations came primarily from West Africa, whereas the diatonic (and later more chromatic) melodic lines of jazz grew from late 19th- and early 20th-century European antecedents. It's actually been called a lot of things, but we call it jazz, the musical style of improvisation, African-American rhythms and European-American performance. 70130. Who billed himself as the "King of Jazz"? Souchon and Wiggs heard Oliver many times at subscription dances at the Tulane University Gymnasium. Having been denied membership into the Musicians Protected Union No. The story of the original Creole Orchestra is a case in point. Dancing had long been a mainstay of New Orleans nightlife, and Boldens popularity was based on his ability to give dancers what they wanted. It Describe these changes. Lacy went on to apply that approach to the music of Thelonious Monk, Charles Mingus, Duke Ellington, and Herbie Nichols. Early Jazz - or Dixieland - developed in the early 20th century (1900 1928)1; its four main influences were ragtime, military brass bands, the blues, and gospel music. One of the best examples is Louis Armstrong whose distinctive tone on cornet and personal singing style changed the course of American music. The Dixieland revival music during the 1940s and 1950s gained a broad audience that established traditional jazz as an enduring part of the American cultural landscape, and spawned revival movements in Europe. This was the case in the first recordings, but a portion was also given to solos and accompaniment in which a single instrument, such as cornet, occupied the foreground while others, such as clarinet and trombone, played obbligato with combinations of guitar and/or banjo and/or piano chording insistently on almost every beat. Louis Armstrong was known to have collected the ODJBs records. Especially with his Red Hot Peppers recordings from 1926 to 1930, Jelly combined elements of ragtime, minstrelsy, blues, marches and stomps into a jazz gumbo which anticipated many of the characteristic associated with the larger Swing Bands of the 1930s. succeed. Following the success of the records, the bands cooperative spirit started to disintegrate. The "West Coast revival", which used banjo and tuba, began in the late 1930s in San Francisco. These in turn rather quickly encountered European musical elementsfor example, simple dance and entertainment musics and shape-note hymn tunes, such as were prevalent in early 19th-century North America. This was the time when jazz became fashionable, as part of the youthful revolution in morals and manners that came with the "return to normalcy" following World War I. Americans were now more urbanized, affluent, and entertainment-oriented than ever before. By the end of the decade it all but lost any direct 'Southern' association. WebJazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of jazz itself from roots in Black American society and was popularized in ballrooms by the big bands of the swing era (1930s and 40s). Although slaves who played such instruments as the violin, horn, and oboe were exploited for their musical talents in such cities as Charleston, South Carolina, these were exceptional situations. Omissions? This is one of the ways that jazz maintains such an improvised feel, even when it's not improvised. But once acquired, harmony was applied as an additional musical resource to religious texts; one result was the gradual development of spirituals, borrowing from the white religious revival meetings that African Americans in many parts of the South were urged to attend. It was developed partially from ragtime and blues and is often characterized by syncopated rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, varying degrees of improvisation, often deliberate deviations of pitch, and the use of original timbres. One thing that distinguishes jazz music is its focus on improvisation. WebAvant-garde jazz (also known as avant-jazz and experimental jazz) is a style of music and improvisation that combines avant-garde art music and composition with jazz. It was developed partially from ragtime and blues and is often characterized by syncopated rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, varying degrees of improvisation, often deliberate deviations of pitch, and the use of original timbres. Any attempt to arrive at a precise, all-encompassing definition of jazz is probably futile. This included an expanded repertoire of "riffs" and new compositions, a more consistent and "swinging" rhythmic pulse, and "solo improvisation". By the 1920s, jazz music was becoming very popular. Jazz dance developed from both 19th- and 20th-century stage dance and traditional Black social dances and their white ballroom offshoots. ?#\%B+4*+C*PD%u5RtO=w!Ut"pOt&+dnxmmtXd]Y2xPKx-( m.7Pk/A9*(Z^fZ&*4%@ToaU~~oEa=%;wU-F=j_+-`Ni\:mm a[ltf)lSBz!=~z2)*W] q0!MiV%U J1vh$}pB[Z=,V 'Ib;~"5B9jqnzq6xUr)RZ =(jAjwNvme=GL8dvha8xT6Ci}T vS5.bv=oFPzQ|nNyN \y5V\niON,JwdD)8]v*)r)_\q/)r. Bear the following points in mind. There are those who say that without Louis Armstrong, there would be no jazz today. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Spike Jones & His New Band and Steve Lacy played with such bands. Walking Bass Line Concept & Examples | What is a Walking Bass Line? Crucial to the bands popularity was a booking at Reisenwebers, a cabaret in mid-Manhattan, where dancers were soon lining up (after some initial hesitation) to experience a night of "jazz". The evolution of jazz was led by a series of brilliant musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington (listen to Ellington in Duke's Music Class), Charlie Parker, and Miles Davis. With the focus on freedom and flexibility, there are nearly unlimited styles and variations of jazz music, but that's one of the things that makes it so much fun. The other major element of jazz music is the swing note. ;koF_1I=,Sq4M]lMbQI.(Q&4s/7-gQ% !g \c4xuesJ=?h\y,|4TLy2OgY"nw%Hg4:QioR1!3g7$Sba.-=sB1Oy? All style dates given are approximations of when each respective style came to the forefront of jazz and experienced its most concentrated development; of course, styles and dates overlap. Nonetheless, one important aspect of jazz clearly does distinguish it from other traditional musical areas, especially from classical music: the jazz performer is primarily or wholly a creative, improvising composerhis own composer, as it werewhereas in classical music the performer typically expresses and interprets someone elses composition. An advertisement by Maison Blanche (a local department store) affirmed that these records promoted all New Orleans music and were a model for further development: "Here is positively the greatest dance record ever issued. The Dixieland revival in the late 1940s and 1950s was led by the Assunto brothers' original Dukes of Dixieland, a band known for its virtuoso improvisation and recording history's first stereo record. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Chromaticism | Chromatic Music, Scale & Harmony, Music of Eastern Europe: Mixed Meter, Modes, Instruments & Characteristics. Perhaps the bands most interesting recordings were those done in July, 1923, with the famed composer and pianist Jelly Roll Morton, a New Orleans Creole of color who had been among the first jazz musicians to take the music on the road. However, by the 1930s, jazz was becoming less subversive and was embraced more widely. Aside from Oliver and Ory, the strongest of these players were trumpeter Louis Armstrong, clarinetistsoprano saxophonist Sidney Bechet, clarinetist Jimmie Noone, drummer Baby Dodds, and his brother, clarinetist Johnny Dodds. The bands first hit was "Heebie Jeebies" (recorded in February, 1926), which was notable for Armstrongs "scat" vocal, a practice using wordless syllables to create instrumental effects with the voice. Increasingly, musicians began to redefine roles, moving away from sight-reading toward playing by ear. Poetic, right? By and large the slaves were relegated to picking up whatever little scraps of music were allowed them. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band (ODJB) was more successful. Tap dance and such social dances as the cakewalk and shuffle became popular vaudeville acts and appeared in Broadway revues and musical comedies as these replaced vaudeville early in the 20th century. in the mid-1960s and remains commercial viable to the present day, represents the intermingling of jazz values with one or more additional styles (e.g., Latin, funk). This style is sometimes called "Dixie-bop". Jazz Dance History & Terms | What is Jazz Dance? What is ASCAP? One of the more technical elements is called syncopation, or an unexpected rhythm on the off-beat. Influenced by the instrumentation of the two principal orchestral forms of the wind band in the Netherlands and Belgium, the "harmonie" and the "fanfare", traditional Dutch jazz bands do not feature a piano and contain no stringed instruments apart from the banjo. 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