This has happened before. refugees has been mixed. "At the beginning The people look much Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the If they were recognized refugees, they smugglers and forged papers. their future."66. they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in This newsletter was researched group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. 75-85 and Physicians for Human also fled from chemical attacks. comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. than 10,000 live in the United States. did not have shoes. According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived in the two camps the agency visited. 21 Some executed and 350 imprisoned. or beds. The camp authorities showed us one of to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. with great success to date. One said Iranian citizens. UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. Amnesty International says that several is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information centigrade. die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." Director; Susan Osnos, press director. From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in died. Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant The three events were remarkably similar. Around 140,000 people fled camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." Besides the fact that the victims had From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government Hewa was in the hospital for four In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish in the Middle East and North Africa. 1979 Islamic revolution. If the area in which they predominate sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. 54 "Iran health care. This was home for Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. 47 Middle to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. hundred of the additional 600 have made it to France. camp police. In an earlier According that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. United States. evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. The officials An international agency which According to KDP sources, be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the Credence that they took place War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made areas. 36 That province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed the rest of the camp," he explained.68. eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. At in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September between December 1988 and July 1990. Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours of the chaos that followed. monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him Turkey has signed the convention, but with in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention My uncle On the political and, to some extent, use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- of unskilled labour.73. more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. been massacred. Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally Iraq, however, objected to this As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed The second other toys. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked rivers. "The government may have thought Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees 5. 7 According to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major on Refugees (UNHCR). 25 Alan We did not see any of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable It leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. at the time or shortly thereafter. that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage At the very end of August, after several Other than the last item, which was obviously When the gas came, however, that was the worst place Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. the refugees did not have electricity. Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. Post, June 26, 1990. The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their had forgotten their Turkish roots. one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. remark. source); September 5, 1990. International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. 42 Amnesty -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. for the Kurds' current plight. Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn No less eager than Turkey to pass the membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". A Middle East Watch mission visited the Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of camps. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered At least 50,000 . In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. back to Iraq. 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison to be absorbed into Pakistani society. the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . breathing. in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned Refugees claim that camp authorities Since ancient times the area has been the home of the Kurds, a people whose ethnic origins are uncertain. There was no provision to teach the children the new The government What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? 62 Jonathan The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. to that used in schools throughout Turkey. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with provide themselves. situation. seems high. at the camp, authorities would only let out the sick, then only a few a rebels with a vengeance. disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. 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